Maharashtra State Eligibility Test (SET) - SYLLABUS AND SAMPLE QUESTIONS - Earth, Atmospheric, Ocean and Planetary Sciences

Maharashtra State Eligibility Test for Lectureship

UNIVERSITY OF PUNE

Ganeshkhind, Pune-411007

SYLLABUS AND SAMPLE QUESTIONS-(Earth, Atmospheric, Ocean and Planetary Sciences)

Subject Subject

Code No.

35 Earth, Atmospheric, Ocean and Planetary Sciences

SET (Earth, Atmospheric, Ocean & Planetary Sciences) / 2

set booklet\earth science_SET syllabus (03-09)

[35] : EARTH, ATMOSPHERIC, OCEAN AND PLANETARY SCIENCES

SYLLABUS

PAPER II

1.

of the planet earth; abundance of elements in the earth; primary differentiation of the earth and

composition of its various zones; composition of meteorites and the solar photosphere; shape

and internal structure of the earth. Uniformitarianism; geological time scale; use of fossils and

nuclear clocks in the subdivision of geological time.

2.

minerals; properties and process responsible for mineral concentrations; nature and distribution

of rocks and minerals in different units of the earth; deformations of rocks; folds and faults

and their surface expressions.

3.

weathering, erosion, transportation and deposition of earth’s material; formation of soil,

sediments and sedimentary rocks; energy balance of the earth’s surface processes.

4.

and core; thermal, gravitational and magnetic fields of the earth; origin of the main geomagnetic

field; mantle convection and plate tectonics; earthquakes and valcanoes; Isostasy.

5.

adiabatic lapse rates; instability of dry and moist air; geopotential; cloud classification;

condensation nuclei; artificial precipitation. Fundamental forces in the atmosphere; Coriolis

force and the geostrophic wind; basic structure and mechanism of atmospheric general

circulation; monsoon systems; cyclones, anticyclones and tornadoes; jet streams; climate and

climatic changes; natural and human induced factors.

6.

seafloor spreading and hydrothermal vents; marine sediments, their composition and uses;

distribution of temperature and salinity in the ocean; surface circulation, causes of ocean

currents and important current systems; deep circulation. Water masses-their formation and

characteristics; convergence and upwelling of ocean waters; sealevel changes; waves and

tides; chemistry of sea water, biological controls on the composition of the oceans; oceanic

modulation of climatic changes estuary, bay and marine pollution.

7.

development; salient aspects of plant zoogeography; geologic setting; location and approximate

reserves of minerals, fuel and water resources of the Indian territory. Important geological

features of the Precambrian shield, the Gondwanas, the Deccan Trap, Indo-Gangetic Plains,

the Himalaya - their physiography, landforms, drainage systems. Soils : their characteristics

and distribution; climate and population; location of important natural resources and renewable

sources of energy in relation to industrial centres.

About the Earth : The earth and the solar system; important physical parameters and propertiesMaterials of the Earth : Gross composition and physical properties of important rocks andSurface Features and Processes : Physiography of the earth; landscape and seafloor;Internal Features and Processes : Elastic waves and fine structure of the earth; crust, mantleThe Atmosphere : Composition of the atmosphere and its internal structure; prevailing andThe Hydrosphere : The hydrological cycle; inter-relationship of surface and ground water;Geology and Geography of India : Land, biotic and mineral resources and their role in

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cycling and food-chain; human impact on air, land, soil, water, climate and forest resources;

conservation of resources; coping with natural hazards; problems of pollution and waste;

application of engineering geology to development without destruction; optimum use of energy

alternatives.

SYLLABUS

Man and Environment : Ecology, ecosystem and biotic communities; carbon and nutrient

PAPER III

1. GEOLOGY

( i )

erosion; landforms in relation to rock type, structure and tectonics. Soils-their development

and types. Geomorphic processes and their impact on various landforms and associated

dynamics-slope, channel, coastline, glacial and aeolian; evolution of major

geomorphological features of the Indian sub-continent; geomorphometric analysis and

modelling.

( ii)

chemical and biochemical origin. Sedimentary textures and structures. Diagenesis; marine,

non-marine and mixed depositional environments. Facies association, sedimentation and

tectonics; basin analysis; Reconstruction of palaeoenvironments using radioactive and

stable isotopes.

(iii)

functional morphology, classification and evolution of important invertebrate, vertebrate

and plant fossils; biomineralisation and trace fossils; types of microfossils and their

applications; palaeobiogeography and palaeoecology; evolution of man. Oxygen and carbon

isotopic studies on fossils; analysis of palaentological record for tracing plate tectonics

processes.

(iv)

stratigraphic units and their interrelationships; modern methods of stratigraphic correlation;

steps in stratigraphic studies; approaches to palaeogeography; Earth’s climatic history.

Rocks of Phanerozoic Eon in India-their intercontinental correlation with special reference

to type localities; boundary problems in stratigraphy; geodynamic evolution of the Indian

subcontinent through the Phanerozoic.

( v)

using deformed objects; geometric classification of folds; mechanics of folding; folding

in shear zones; geometry of superposed folding; structural analysis in terrains with multiple

deformation; foliation and lineation; geometry and mechanics of shear zones; brittleductile

and ductile structures in shear zones; geometry of thrust sheets. Classification of

unconformities; map patterns and their uses in the determination of large-scale structures.

Isostasy; seismicity; sea-floor spreading and plate tectonics; orogenesis; orogenic belts of

India; evolution of the Himalaya and Himalayan tectonics.

Geomorphology : Landforms-their types and development; weathering, transport andSedimentology : Classification of sedimentary rocks; petrography of rocks of clastic,Palaentology : Origin and evolution of life; fossils and their uses; species concept;Stratigraphy : Recent developments in stratigraphic classification : Litho bio and chronoStructural Geology and Geotectonics : Concepts of stress and strain; strain analysis

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(vi)

crystal chemistry; principles of optical and X-ray mineralogy. Structural classification of

minerals; structure and its interrelation with physical and chemical properties of minerals

important phase diagrams of major rockforming minerals and ore minerals; principles of

geothermo-barometry.

(vii)

the Periodic Table; geochemical classification and distribution of elements in the earth;

principles of geochemical cycling; principles of ionic substitution in minerals; laws of

thermodynamics; concepts of free energy, activity, fugacity and equilibrium constant;

thermodynamics of ideal, nonideal and dilute solutions; element partitioning in mineral/

rocks formation and concept of distribution coefficients; concept of P-T-X. Eh-pH diagrams

and mineral stabilities; radioactive decay schemes, growth of daughter isotopes and

radiometric dating; stable isotopes and their fractionation. Mineral/Mineral assemblages

as ‘sensors’ of ambient environments.

(viii)

systems with reference to petrogenesis; magmas, their generation in the crust and mantle,

their emplacement and their relation to plate tectonics; magmatic crystallization,

differentiation and assimilation; classification of igneous rocks; major and trace elements

and isotopic composition of igneous rocks in the context of petrogenesis; petrogenesis of

important types of igneous rocks; volatile components in petrogenesis. Physical and

rheological properties of silicate melts-Bingham liquid; partial melting and fractional

crystallization in closed and open system models.

Role of T.P. and fluids in metamorphism; metamorphic facies; mineral assemblages and

important reactions in different facies; types of metamorphism and metamorphic-belts;

relationship among metamorphism, anatexis and grantization.

Petrogenetic aspects of important rocks of India such as the Deccan Trap. the Layered

intrusions, charnockites, khondalities and ‘gondites’.

(ix)

in ores; geological processes of formation of economic mineral deposits; global metallogeny

as related to crustal evolution; metallogenesis in space and time. Elements of ore petrology;

mineral assemblages and fluid inclusions as ‘sensors’ of ore-forming environments; Live

ore-forming systems. Geological setting, characteristics features and genesis of ferrous

and non-ferrous ore deposits of India. Metallogenic history of India.

(x)

ridge systems; seawater-basalt interaction and hydrothermal vents; models and rates of

ocean circulation and of sedimentation in the oceans; diagenetic changes in oxic and

anoxic environments; mobility of redox metals; major components of marine sediments

and processes regulating sediment composition; geochronology of marine sediments from

radioactivity measurements; sedimentary markers of palaeoenvironmental conditions;

mineral resources of the oceans and factors controlling their distribution.

Mineralogy : Concept of symmetry, point group lattice and space group; principles ofGeochemistry : Abundances of elements; structure and atomic properties of elements;Petrology : Phase equilibria studies of single, binary, temary and quartermary silicateOre Geology : Physico-chemical controls of deposition and of post-depositional changesMarine Geology : Morphological and tectonic domains of the ocean floor; midocean

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Ocean margins; nature of deep sea sediments, their chronology and correlation; tectonic

history of the oceans.

(xi)

of source and reservoir rocks; structural, stratigraphic and combinations traps. Techniques

of exploration. Petroliferous basins of India.

Origin of peat, lignite, bitumen and anthracite. Classification, rank and grading of coal;

coal petrography, coal measures of India.

(xii)

Precambrian life, lithological, geochemical and stratigraphic characteristics of granitegreenstone

and granulite belts. Stratigraphy and geochronology of the Precambrian terrains

of India.

(xiii)

Petroleum and Coal Geology : Origin, migration and entrapment of petroleum; propertiesPrecambrian Geology and Crustal Evolution : Evolution of the early crust, earlyApplied Geology :

(a)

photo interpretation; electromagnetic spectrum emission range, film and imagery;

multispexctral sensors; geological interpretation of air-photos and imagery.

(b)

for the construction of dams, bridges, highways and tunnels.

(c)

exploration on different scales, sampling, assaying and evaluation of mineral deposits;

geochemical and geobotanical surveys in exploration.

(d)

hydrological cycle; precipitation, evapotranspiration and infiltration processes;

hydrological classification of water-bearing formations; fresh and salt water

relationship in coastal and inland areas; ground water exploration and management,

water polution, ground water regimes in India.

Photogeology and Remote Sensing : Elements of photogrammetry; elements ofEngineering Geology : Mechanical properties of rocks; geological investigationsMineral Exploration : Geological and geophisical methods of surface and subsurfaceHydrogeology : Ground water, Darcy’s law; hydrological characteristics of aquifers;

2. PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY

( i )

crosion; landforms in relation to rock type, structure and tectonics. Soils-their development

and types. Geomorphic processes and their impact on various landforms and associated

dynamics-slope, channel coastline, glacial and aeolian; evolution of major geomorphological

features of the Indian subcontinent. Geomorphometric analysis and modelling.

( ii)

radiation balance, latitudinal and seasonal variation of insolation, temperature humidity,

wind and precipitation. Indian climatology with special reference to seasonal distribution

and variations of temperature, humidity, wind and precipitation; air masses notably

monsons, and jet streams, tropical cyclones and cloud formation, classification of climates;

Koppen’s and Thornthwaite’s scheme as applicable to India. Climate zones of India.

Hydrological cycle and water balance. Climate change; green house warming, stratospheric

ozone depletion. Palaeoclimatology.

Geomorphology : Land forms-their types and developments; weathering, transport andClimatology : Fundamental principles of climatology; Earth-sun relationship; earth’s

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(iii)

evapotranspiration and infiltration processes; rainfall-run off analysis; stream flow, stagedischarge

relationship; hydrograph and flood frequency analysis. Hydrological classification

of a water-bearing formations, fresh and salt water relationship in coastal and inland

areas; ground water regimes in India.

Principles of management of water resources; concept of safe yield; water balance studies

and conjunctive use of surface and ground water; ground water problems and their

management in India.

(iv)

habitat and plant-animal association; zoogeography of India; distribution of major animal

groupings; elements of plant geography, distribution of forests and major plant communities.

National forest policy, conservation of forests; afforestation, social forestry; ecology and

man in India. Ecological balance, environmental pollution and deterioration.

( v)

temperature of ocean water; salinity in the coastal open and enclosed seas; movement of

ocean waters; waves, tides, currents; island arcs and coral reefs and atolls; oceanic deposits.

Geohydrology : Ground water as part of the hydrological cycle; precipitation andBiogeography : Elements of biogeography with special reference to India; environment,Oceangraphy : Submarine relief, continental shelf, continental slope, ocean deeps;

3. GEOPHYSICS

( i )

mass, momentum, energy and charge, constitutive relations and dynamical equations;

elastic viscous, electro-magnetic and thermal; Laws of thermodynamics and entropy;

Partial differential equations of physics; wave, diffusion, potential and schrodinger;

analytical (Green’s functions and integral transforms) and numerical (Spectral, finite

difference and finite element) methods for solving initial value and boundary value problems

of geophysics.

Linear instability theory and onset of convection; Benard Cells; Elements of nonlinear

instability in fluids; Theory of Attractors; phase space, critical points, limit cycles and

bifucation of nonlinear systems.

( ii)

systems with deterministic and random inputs; bandlimited signals and sampling theorem;

Z-transform, discrete and Fast Fourier transforms; filter discreate and continuous, recursive

and non-recursive, optimal, inverse filters, deconvolution. Estimation of signal parameters

system identification. Hypothesis testing.

(iii)

and associated gravity anomalies; geoidal undulations and deflection of the vertical;

isostasy; local and regional compensation mechanisms. Seismology; causes and space

distribution of earthquakes; theory of seismic waves; (body and surface waves), free

oscillations, application for estimating earth structure and earthquake source parameters;

earthquake hazard assessment. Geomagnetism; main field, its secular variation and

reversals; remanent magnetization, palaeomagnetism and lithospheric movements;

Geophysical Fields : Concept of fieds; scalar, vector and tensor; conservation laws;Signal Processing : Continuous and discrete signals; Fourier analysis linear time-invariantSolid Earth : Gravity and figure of the Earth : Spheroid and geoid mass inhomogenetics

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geodynamo theory and hydromagnetic waves; magnetosphere and geomagnetic stroms.

Electrical structure of the earth; geomagnetic and magnetotelluric depth sounding. Plate

tectonics theory; kinematics, dynamics and evolution of plates; types of boundaries,

processes and corresponding geophysical and geological signatures. Heat flow thermal

and mechanical structure of continental and oceanic lithosphere; role of fluids in crustal

processes; mantle convection. Mineral physics; constraints on earth structure from

seismological and petrological investigations.

(iv)

scope, limitations and prospects of conjuctive use. Geophysical exploration from the air

on the ground in bore holes, across drill holes in underground mines and in the oceans.

Geophysical Exploration : Basic principles; various methods, their distinctive features,

Instruments used :

(suspended magnet type, nuclear procession, nuclear resonance, flux gate and

superconducting), Gravimeters (land, shipborne, spaceborne and borehole), wide band

seismograph and geophone skystems. Electrical systems, (resistivity, IP, MT, EM, TEM),

Well logging units (caliper, electrical, radiation, acoustic, dipmeter, televiewer, induction,

nuclear magnetism log) and seismic sources.

Principles of measuring complex signals; measurements in time and frequency domain.

Pseudorandom sources for electrical and seismic exploration.

theory, behaviour and precision of spring-mass systems, magnetomeres

Signal Analysis :

magnetic (diurnal) and latitude (corrections) data reduction; regional and residual separation;

derivatives, continuation and reduction to pole of potential field data. Electrical/EM data

processing, Seismic (velocity analysis, signal enhancement, deconvolution, migration and

time to depth conversion), Shear wave, VSP, 2-D/3-D multifold and marine data processing.

Numerical experiments for computer aided design of high resolution field measurements;

sensivity analysis of various control parameters for maximum information/uncertainty

ratio.

( v)

problems. Generalized inversion techniques; error analysis and the study of resolution

and uniqueness in geophysical interpretation; Backus-Gilbert inversion method; linear

and non-linear programming methods; Joint inversion of geophysical data and effective

strategies for integrated geophysical exploration from a systems view point. Interpretation

for average value of physical properties of rocks and minerals and their structure; direct

detection of hydrocarbons (fluid content); lithostratigraphy, ground water, ore deposit,

engineering sites, environmental parameters.

Gravity (free air, Bouguer, terrain drift and Eotovos correction) andGeophysical Inversion and Interpretation : Distinction between well-posed and illposed

4. OCEANOGRAPHY

( i )

current, their formation and theories, oceanic fronts.

Subtropical current system-Western and Eastern boundary currents; Somali current;

thermohaline and abyssal circulation; formation of water masses mixing and double

diffusion.

Physical Oceanography : Equation of State of sea water, current system including under

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TSV diagrams computation of divergence and estimation of vertical velocity; acoustics and

optics.

( ii)

analysis; barottropic and baroclinic approximation; geostrophic currents in a stratified

ocean, the 2-layer approximation and White-Margules equation; gradient current and

mass stratification; relative currents and slope currents; Ekman’s theory, Sverdrup, Stommel

and Munk’s theories; Upwelling and sinking with special reference to the Indian ocean.

(iii)

group velocity. Finite amplitude waves, long waves and internal wave, wind waves, their

origin, growth, propagation and decay; significant wave height and period. Wave spectrum,

Principles of wave forcasting SMB and PNJ methods; tides their causes, variation and

types; tidal currents; harmonic analysis, finite difference method and prediction of tides.

(iv)

crierion for turbulence; principle of Prandtl’s mixing length theory; Taylor’s statistical

theory and Kolmogoroffs similarity theory, Air-sea interaction at various scales; planetary

and laminar boundary layer, surface layer and spiral layer; Sea surface as a lower boundary

of air-flow and its geometry; wind field in the first few meters of the sea surface, wind

structure in the maritime frictional layer; transfer of heat and water vapour, determination

of air-sea fluxes; energy exchange and global heat and water budgets, convection and its

role in tropical circulations, effects of upwelling and sinking on the ocean-atmosphere

system.

(v)

transformation of waves in shallow water; effects of stratification; effect of bottom friction,

phenomena of wave reflection, refraction and diffraction; breakers and surflitoral currents;

wave action on sediments-movement to beach material; rip currents; beach stability ocean

beach nourishment; harbour resonance; seiches; Tsunamis; Interaction of waves and

structure. Sea Walls, groynes, revetments etc.

Dynamical Oceanography : Equation of motion of frictionless ocean current scalaeOcean Waves and Tides : Small amplitude ocean waves; wave celerity; wave energy andAir-Sea Interaction : Laminar and turbulent flows, Reynolds stresses; Richardson’sCoastal and Estuarine Oceanography : Factors influencing coastal processes;

Estuaries :

mixing, depth-averged and breadth-averaged models; sedimentation in estuaries; salinity

intrusion in estuaries; Effect of stratification; coastal pollution; mixing and diffusion

dispersal of pollutants in estuaries and nearshore areas; standing concentration; coastal

zone management.

(vi)

times; processes controlling the composition of sea-water, Dissolved gases in sea-water,

their sources and sinks. Carbondioxide system, distribution of alkalinity; Physical chemistry

of sea-water; dynamic equilibrium in chemical composition of the ocean including trace

metals, organic materials. Biogeochemical cycling and its effect on atmospheric composition

and climate. Inter-relationship between ocean circulation, primary productivity and chemical

composition of the atmosphere and ocean.

Classification and nomenclature; tides in estuaries; estuarine circulation andChemical Oceangraphy : Major and minor constituents of sea-water and their residence

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Stable and radioactive isotopes; chemistry of interstital waters and transfer of solutes

across the sediment-water interface; marine pollution, pathways of transfer of various

pollutants (petroleum hydrocarbons, pesticides, trace metals etc.) and their fates in the sea.

Chemistry of marine natural products; biomedical potential of marine biota; remote sensing of

the oceans.

(vii)

systems, hydrothermal vents and sea-water basalt interaction; modes and rates of sedimentation

in the oceans; diagenetic changes in oxic and anoxic environments, mobility of redoxmetals;

nature of deep sea sediments and processes and regulating sedimentary composition;

geochronology of marine sediments, sedimentary markers (biological and chemical) of

paleoenvironmental conditions. Mineral resources of the ocean - phosphorites, manganes and

other deposits and the factors controlling their distribution.

(viii)

their characteristics fauna and flora and their adaptations. Marine ecosystems; rocky shores,

sandy shores, estuarine, mangroves and coral reefs; description of communities, community

structure and function; plankton, nekton and benthos; primary, secondary and tertiary production;

food web and trophic structure; living resources of the Indian seas; mariculture; culture of

molluses, crustacean, fishes and seaweeds.

Marine Geology : Morphological and tectonic domains of the ocean floor. Mid-oceanic ridgeMarine Biology : Sea as a biological environment; divisions of the marine environment and

5. METEOROLOGY

( i )

balance, latitudinal and seasonal variation of insolation, temperature, humidity, wind and

precipitation. Indian climatology with special reference to seasonal distribution and variations of

temperature, humidity, wind and precipitation; air masses notably monsoons, and jet streams,

tropical cyclones, and cloud formation, classification of climates; Koppen’s and Thornthwaite’s

schemes as applicable to India. Climatic zones of India. Hydrological cycle and water balance.

Climate change; green house warming, stratospheric ozone depletion. Palaeoclimatology.

( ii)

basic Laws - Raleigh and Mie scattering, multiple scattering, radiation from the sun, solar

constant, effect of clouds, surface and planetary albedo. Emission and absorption of terrestrial

radiation, radiation windoes, radiative transfer. Greenhouse effect, net radiation budget; Derivation

of radiance parameters from satellite observations. Thermodynamics of dry and moist air;

specific gas constant, Adiabatic and Non adiabatic processes, entropy and enthalphy, Moisture

variables, virtual Temperature; Clausius - Clapeyron equation, adiabatic process of a moist air;

thermodynamic diagram; Emagram, tephigram, skew T-log p and Stuve diagrams. Hydrostatic

equilibrium; Hydrostatic equation, variation of pressure with height, geopotential, standard

atmosphere, altimetry. Vertical stability of the atmosphere; Dry and moist air parcel and slice

methods, Entrainment, Bubble theory, Diurnal variation of lapse rate, convection in the atmosphere.

Climatology : Fundamental principles of climatology; Earth-sun relationship; earth’s radiationPhysical Meteorology : Layered structure of the atmosphere and its composition. Radiation;

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(iii)

ionisation in the atmosphere, conduction currents, air-earth currents, point discharge currents.

Electrical fields in thunderstorms, theories of thunderstorm electrification, lightning discharges.

(iv)

precipitation mechanisms; Bergeron, Findeisen process, coalescence process-Precipitation

of warm and mixed clouds, artificial precipitation, hail supression, fog and cloud-dissipation,

radar observation of clouds and precipitation, radar equation, rain-drop spectra, radar echoes

of hail and tornadoes, radar observation of hurricanes, measurements of rainfall by radar.

( v)

and coriolis forces, continuity equation in Cartesian and isobaric coordinates. Momentum equations

in rotating, cartesian, and spherical coordinates; scale analysis, Inertial flow, Geostrophic and

gradient winds, thermal wind. Divergence and vertical motion, Rossby, Richardson, Reynolds

and Froude numbers. Circulation vorticity and divergence; Bjerknese circulation theorem and

applications, Vorticity and divergence equations, Scale analysis, Potential vorticity, Stream function,

velocity potential. Atmospheric turbulence; Mixing length theory, planetary boundary layer

equations, surface layer, Ekmann layer eddy transport of heat, water vapour and momentum,

Richardson criterion. Linear perturbation theory; Internal and external gravity waves, Inertia

waves, gravity waves, Rossby waves; wave motion in the tropics, barotropic and baroclinic

instabilities; Taylor - Goldstein instability; theorems of Mines, Fjortozt, Howard and Pedlosky.

Atmospheric energetics; Kinetic, potentiai and internal energies - Conversion of potential and

internal energies into Kinetic energy, available potential energy.

(vi)

waves, filtered forecast equations, barotropic and equivalent barotropic models, two parameter

baroclinic model relaxaation method, two layer primitive equatier, model, short, mediun and long

range weather prediction models; objective analysis; Initialisation of the data for use in weather

prediction models; data assimilation techniques.

(vii)

meridional circulation models, mean meridional and eddy transport of momentum and energy,

angular momentum and energy budgets; zonally asymmetric features of general circulation;

standing eddies; east-west circulation in tropics; climate variability and forcings; feedback

processes, low frequency variability, ENSO, QBO and sunspot cycles. basic principles of

general circulation modelling; Grid-point and spectral GCMs; role of the ocean in climate

modelling; interannual variability of ocean fields (SST, winds, circulation, etc.) and its relationship

with monsoon, concepts of ocean - atmosphere coupled models.

(viii)

surface, upper aiar and other derivative charts; Stream lines, isotachs and countour analysis; tilt

and slope of pressure/weather systems with height. Synoptic weather forecasting, Prediction of

Weather elements such as rain, maximum and minimum temperature and fog; hazardous weather

Atmospheric Electricity : fair weather electric field in the atmosphere and potential gradients,Cloud Physics : Cloud classification, condensation nucleii, growth of cloud drops and icecrystals,Dynamical Meteorology : Basic equations and fundamental forces; Pressure gravity, centripetalNumerical Weather Prediction : Computational instability, filtering of sound and gravityGeneral Circulation and Climate Modelling : Observed zonally symmetric circulations,Synoptic Meteorology : Synoptic charts, Weather observations, and transmission. Analysis of

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elements like thunderstorms, duststorms, tornadoes, dates of onset, and withdrawal of monsoons,

break monsoon; formation and movement of western distrurbances,depressions and tropical

cyclones; intensification, weakening, deepening and filling of surface pressure systems. Air

masses and fronts; Sources, origin and classification of air masses; classification of fronts,

frontogenesis and frontolysis; structure of cold and warm fronts; Weather systems associated

with fronts. Extra-tropical synoptic scale features; jet streams, extratropical cyclones; anticyclones

and blockings. Tropical synoptic meteorology; Trade wind inversion; ITCZ; monsoon trough;

Tropical cyclones, their structure and development theory; Monsoon depressions; tropical easterly

jet stream; Somali Jet; Waves in easterlies; western distrurbances; SW and NE Monsoons;

synoptic features associated with onset, withdrawal, break, active and weak monsoons.

(ix)

turbulence, visibility, fog, clouds, rain, gusts, wind shear and thunderstorms.

( x)

satellites, Visible and infrared radiometers, multiscanner ratiometers; identification of

synoptic systems, fog and sandstorms, detection of cyclones, estimation of SST and cloud

top temperatures, winds, and rainfall; temperature and humidity soundings.

————Aviation Meteorology : Meteorological hazards to aviation; take-off, landing, inflighticing,Satellite Meteorology : Meteorological satellites : Polar orbitting and geostationary