भारत का भूगोल- मुख्य जानकारी (प्रतियोगी परीक्षाओं में सफल होने के लिए अवश्य पढ़ें )

 भारत का भूगोल- मुख्य जानकारी (प्रतियोगी परीक्षाओं में सफल होने के लिए अवश्य पढ़ें )

क्षेत्रफल = 32,87,263 वर्ग कि.मी.

अक्षांशीय विस्तार = 8 डिग्री 4 मिनिट उत्तरी अक्षांश से 37 डिग्री  6  मिनिट उत्तरी अक्षांश तक

देशंतारीय विस्तार = 68  डिग्री 7  मिनिट पूर्वी देशांतर से 95 डिग्री 25  मिनिट पूर्वी देशांतर तक 

उत्तर से दक्षिण की लम्बाई = 3214 कि.मी.

पूर्व से पश्चिम की लम्बाई = 2933 कि.मी.

द्वीपों सहित तट की लम्बाई = 7516.5 कि.मी.

स्थलीय सीमा की लम्बाई = 15200 कि.मी.

* भारत का सबसे पूर्वी छोर अलोंग नगर (अरुणाचल प्रदेश) और  पश्चिमी छोर द्वारका (गुजरात)  है.
* भारत का सबसे दक्षिणी छोर अंदमान द्वीप में स्थित " इंदिरा पॉइंट " है.
* भारत का क्षेत्रफल संपूर्ण विश्व का 2.4% है. और यह विश्व का 7वा सबसे बड़ा देश है .

* भारत-चीन सीमा (3917 कि.मी) से लगे राज्य (5)= जम्मू & कश्मीर, हिमाचल प्रदेश, उत्तराखंड, सिक्किम, अरुणाचल प्रदेश.
* भारत-पाकिस्तान सीमा ( 3310 कि.मी) से लगे राज्य (4)= जम्मू & कश्मीर, पंजाब, राजस्थान, गुजरात.
* भारत-बांग्लादेश सीमा ( 4096 कि.मी) से लगे राज्य (5)= प.बंगाल, असम, मेघालय, मिजोरम, त्रिपुरा.
सर्वाधिक लम्बी सीमा रेखा बांग्लादेश के साथ ही है.
* भारत-चीन कि बीच 1914  में शिमला सम्मलेन के आधार पर  "मैकमोहन रेखा" का निर्धारण किया गया.
* हिमालय प्रदेश में स्थित भूटान कि प्रतिरक्षा कि जिम्मेदारी एक विशेष संधि के द्वारा भारत पर  है.
* भारत का संविधान 26 जनवरी, 1950 को लागू हुआ.
* क्षेत्रफल के आधार पर भारत का सबसे बड़ा राज्य= राजस्थान
* क्षेत्रफल के आधार पर भारत का सबसे छोटा राज्य= गोवा
* जनसंख्या के आधार पर भारत का सबसे बड़ा राज्य = उत्तर प्रदेश
* जनसंख्या के आधार पर भारत का सबसे छोटा राज्य= सिक्किम
* कर्क रेखा भारत में 8 राज्यों से होकर गुजरती है.
गुजरात, राजस्थान, मध्य प्रदेश, छत्तीसगढ़ ,झारखंड, प.बंगाल,त्रिपुरा, मिजोरम.
* भारत को उष्ण कटिबंधीय मानसूनी जलवायु वाला प्रदेश कहते है.
* भारत में 80 %  से भी अधिक वर्षा दक्षिणी पश्चिमी मानसून से होती है..
* अम्बाला शहर (पंजाब) गंगा और सिन्धु नदी का जल-विभाजक क्षेत्र है.
* भारत में सर्वाधिक 51 % भूमि कृषि हेतु है जबकि विश्व में मात्र 14 % है.
* भारत का प्रथम जल-विद्युत संयंत्र 1902 में शिवसमुद्र जलप्रपात में कावेरी नदी पर प्रारंभ किया गया था. यह एशिया का भी प्रथम संयंत्र था.
* बंगलुरु भारत का प्रथम नगर है , जहाँ इलेक्ट्रिसिटी का उपयोग किया गया (1906).
* सर्वाधिक  जनसँख्या वाला नगर "मुंबई" है.
* भारत कि ओर से अंटार्कटिका में प्रथम वैज्ञानिक शोध दल 1981 में भेजा गया था .
* भारत का राष्‍ट्रपति देश का प्रधान होता है, जबकि प्रधानंत्री सरकार प्रमुख होता है और मंत्रिपरिषद् की सहायता से शासन चलाता है जो मंत्रिमंडल मंत्रालय का गठन करते हैं।
* भारत की सबसे लम्बी नाहर "इंदिरा गाँधी नहर" है जो पंजाब से राजस्थान तक विस्तृत है .
* सर्वाधिक जनसँख्या घनत्व वाला राज्य प.बंगाल है. उसके बाद केरल और बिहार है.
* भारत में सबसे पहले कम्प्युटराइज रिजर्वेशन दिल्ली में प्रारंभ किया गया था (1986).
* भारत में सर्वाधिक समुद्रतटीय सीमा रेखा गुजरात (लगभग 1200 कि.मी.) है,तत्पश्चात आन्ध्र प्रदेश का स्थान आता है.
* भारत में उत्तर प्रदेश ऐसा राज्य है जिसकी सीमा सर्वाधिक राज्यों से मिलती है.

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Maharashtra State Eligibility Test (SET) - SYLLABUS AND SAMPLE QUESTIONS - Geography

Maharashtra State Eligibility Test for Lectureship

UNIVERSITY OF PUNE

Ganeshkhind, Pune-411007

SYLLABUS AND SAMPLE QUESTIONS-(Geography)

Subject Subject

Code No.

36 Geography

SET (Geography) / 3

geography_SET syllabus (03-09)

[36] : GEOGRAPHY

NOTE : STRUCTURE OF PAPER II AND REVISED STRUCTURE OF PAPER III PLEASE

SEE PAGE NUMBER ONE.

PAPER—II

Unit—1

Geomorphology :

weathering: Geosynclines, continental drift and plate tectonics: Concept of geomorphic cycle; Landforms

associated with fluvial. glacial,arid,coastal and karst cycles.

Fundamental concepts : Endogenetic and Exogenetic forces Denudation and

Unit—2

Climatology

Distribution of temperature; Atmospheric pressure and general circulation of winds; Monsoon and jet

stream; Tropical and temperate cyclones; Classification of world climates; Koppen's and Thornthwaite's

schemes.

: Composition and structure of the atmosphere; Heat budget of the earth:

Unit—3

(A)

of sea water; Tides and ocean currents.

(B)

Conservation and management of ecosystems; problems of pollution.

Oceanography : Ocean deposits; Coral reefs; Temperature and salinity of the oceans: DensityBio-Geography : World distribution of plants and animals; Forms and functions of ecosystem;

Unit—4

Geographic Thought :

period; Foundations of modern geography; Determinism and possibilism; Areal differentiation and spatial

organisation.

General character of geographic knowledge during the ancient, and medieval

Unit—5

(A)

Patterns and processes of migration; Demographic transition.

(B)

urban settlements; City-region; Primate city; Rank-size rule; Settlement hierarchy; Christaller's Central

Place theory; August Losch's theory of market centres.

Population Geography : Patterns of world distribution; Growth and density of population;Settlement Geography : Site, situation, types,size,spacing and internal morphology of rural and

SET (Geography) / 4

geography_SET syllabus (03-09)

Unit—6

Economic Geography :

resources : renewable and non-renewable.

(A) Measurement of agricultural productivity and efficiency; Crop combination and diversificaton;

Von Thunes's model.

(B) Classification of industries : Weber's and Losch's approachers; Resorurce based and footloose

industries.

(C) Models of transportation and transport cost : Accessibility and connectivity.

Sectors of economy : primary, secondary, tertiary and quaternary; Natural

Unit—7

(A)

(B)

(C)

society of tribal groups.

Political Geography : Heartland and Rimland theories; Boundaries and frontiers.Social Geography : Ethnicity; tribe; dialect, language, caste and religion; Concept of social wellbeing.Cultural Geography : Culture areas and cultural regions; Human races; Habitat, economy and

Unit—8

Regional Planning :

Methods of regional delineation; Regional planning in India; Indicators of development; Regional imbalances.

Regional concept in geography; Concept of planning refgions; Types of regions;

Unit—9

Geography of India :

vegetation regions; Major soil types; Irrigation and agriculture; Population distribution and growth; Settlement

patterns; Mineral and power resources; Major industries and industrial regions.

Physiographic divisions; Climate ; its regional variations; Vegetation types and

Unit—10

(A)

Choropleth; Isopleth and Chorochromatic maps and pie diagrams; Mapping of location-specific data:

Accessibility and flow maps.

Remote sensing and computer application in mapping; Digital mapping; Geographic Information

System (GIS).

Cartography : Types of maps : Techniques for the study of spatial patterns of distribution:

SET (Geography) / 5

geography_SET syllabus (03-09)

(B)

frequency; Measures of central tendency; Selection of class intervals for mapping; Measures of dispersion

and concentration; Standard deviation; Lorenz curve; Methods of measuring association among different

attributes; Simple and multiple correlation; Regression.

Nearest-neighbour analysis; Scaling techniques; Rank score; Weighted score; Sampling techniques

for geographical analysis.

Statistical Methods : Data sources and types of data; Frequency distribution and cumulative

PAPER —III

Unit—1

Geomorphology :

and Exogenetic forces; Denudation process ; weathering and erosion; Geosynclines. mountain building.

continental drift and plate tectonics; Concept of Geomorphic Cycle; Landforms associated with fluvial.

glacial, arid. coastal and karst cycles. Slope forms and processes; Environmental and Applied

Geomorphology.

Fundamental Concepts; Factors controlling landform development; Endogenetic

Unit—2

Climatology :

Distribution of temperature. atmospheric pressure and general circulation of winds; Monsoons and jet

streams; Stability and instability of the atmosphere; Air-masses ; Fronts, temperate and tropical cyclones;

Types and distribution of precipitation; Classification of world climates; Koppen's and Thornthwaite's

schemes; Hydrological Cycle; Global warming.

Composition and structure of the atmosphere ; Insolation; Heat budget of the earth;

Unit—3

(A)

Ocean deposits; Coral reefs; Temperature and salinity of Oceans; Density of sea water; Tides and ocean

currents; Seal-level changes.

(B)

and functions of ecosystem : Forest, grassland. marine and mountain ecosystem; Bio-diversity and its

depletion through natural and main-induced causes; Conservation and management of ecosystems;

Environmental hazards and problems of pollution; Ozone depletion.

Oceanography : Origin of ocean basins; Bottom relief of Indian, Atlantic and pacific Oceans;Bio-Geography : Physical factors influencing world distribution of plants and animals; Forms

Unit—4

History of Geographic Thought :

and medieval period; Foundations of modern geography : Contribution of German, French, British and

American schools; Conceptual and methodological developments during the 20th century; Changing

papradigms; man and environment, determinism and possibilism, areal differentiation and spatial organisation;

Quantitative revolution; Impact of positivism. humanism, radicalism and behaviouralism in geography.

General character of geographic knowledge during the ancient,

SET (Geography) / 6

geography_SET syllabus (03-09)

Unit—5

(A)

distribution, growth and density of population; Policy issues; Patterns and processes of migration;

Demographic transition; population-resource regions.

(B)

and urban settlements. Ecological processes of urban growth; Urban fringe, City-region; Settlement systems;

Primate city; Rank-size rule; Settlement hierarchy; Christaller's Central Place theory; August Losch's

theroy of market centres.

Population Geography : Nature; scope, subject matter and recent trends : patterns of worldSettlement Geography : Site, situation, types, size, spacing and internal morphology of rural

Unit—6

Economic Geography :

Classification of economies; Sectors of economy : primary, secondary, tertiary and quaternary; Natural

resources : Renewable and non-renewable; Conservation of resources.

(A)

Measurement of agricultural productivity and efficiency; Crop combinations and diversification; Von Thunen's

model; Agricultural systems of the world.

(B)

based and footloose industries.

(C)

and connectivity : Inter-regional and Intraregional : Comparative cost advantages.

Location of economic activities and spatial organization of economies;Agricultural Geography : Concept and techniques of delimitation of agricultural regions;Industrial Geography : Classification of industries : Weber's and Losch's approaches; ResourceGeography of Transport and Trade : Models of transportation and transport cost; Accessibility

Unit—7

(A)

views (Heartland and Rimland theories); Concept of nation, state and nation-state; Boundaries and forntiers;

Politics of world resources; Geography and Federalism.

(B)

Elements of Social Geography—ethnicity, tribe, dialect, language, caste and religion; Concept of Social

well-being.

(C)

Concept of culture-areas and cultural regions; Theories of tribal groups; Dweiling places as cultural

expressions.

Political Geography : Definition and scope of Political Geography; Geopolitics; Global strategicSocial Geography : Nature and scope of social geography; Social structure and social processes;Cultural Geography : Nature and scope of cultural geography; Environment and culture;

Unit—8

Regional Planning :

region; Regional hierarchy; Types of regions and methods of regional delineation; Conceptual and theoretical

framework of regional planning; Regional planning in India : Concept of development; Indicators of

development; Regional imbalanes.

Regional concept in Geography; its application to planning; Concept of planning

SET (Geography) / 7

geography_SET syllabus (03-09)

Unit—9

Geography of India :

vegetation regions; Major soil types; Coastal and Marine resources; Water resources; Irrigation; Agriculture;

Agroclimatic regions; Mineral and power resources; Major industries and industrial regions; Population

distribution and growth; Settlement patterns; Regional disparities in social and economic development.

Physiographic divisions; Climate : its regional variations; Vegetation types and

Unit—10

(A)

of spatial patterns of distribution : Single purpose and composite maps; Choropleth; Isopleth and

Chorochromatic maps and pie diagrams; Mapping of location-specific data; Accessibility and flow maps.

Remote sensing and computer application in mapping; Digital mapping; Geographic Information

System (GIS) : Thematic maps.

(B)

distribution and cumulative frequency; Measures of central tendency; Selection of class intervals for

mapping; Measures of dispersion and concentration; Standard deviation; Lorcnz curve; Methods of

measuring association among different attributes; simple and multiple correlation; Regression.

Measurement of spatial patterns of distribution; Nearest-neighbour analysis; Scaling techniques, rank

score, weighted score; Sampling techniqeus for geographical analysis.

Cartography : Map as a tool in geographical studies; Types of maps : Techniques for the studyStatistical Methods : Data sources and types of data; Statistical diagrams; Study of frequency

SET (Geography) / 8

geography_SET syllabus (03-09)

SAMPLE QUESTIONS

PAPER II

Objective type :

1. Agricultural productivity is higher in punjab basically due to

(1) high degree of irrigation

(2) high degree of electrificaton

(3) provision of fertilizers

(4) provision of hybrid seeds

2. Social well-being is concerned with

(1) Growth in per capita income

(2) Expansion of transoport network

(3) Development of education and health care

(4) Promotion of subsidy

————