Maharashtra State Eligibility Test (SET) - SYLLABUS AND SAMPLE QUESTIONS - Physical Sciences

Maharashtra State Eligibility Test for Lectureship

UNIVERSITY OF PUNE

Ganeshkhind, Pune-411007

SYLLABUS AND SAMPLE QUESTIONS-(Physical Sciences)

Subject Subject

Code No.

32 Physical Sciences

SET (Physical Science) / 2

set booklets\ physical science_SET syllabus (03-09)

[32] : PHYSICAL SCIENCES

The syllabus consists of two papers, as follows :

Paper II and Paper III will be of 75 minutes and 2½ hours duration respectively. Paper II will be

of 100 marks and Paper III will be of 200 marks.

PAPER II

1.

theory. Calculus : vector algebra and vector calculus. Linear algebra, martices. Linear differential

equations. Fourier : series, Fourier transforms-Elementary complex analysis.

2.

Symmetries and conservation laws, Motion in the central field of force. Collision and scattering,

Mechanics of system of particles. Rigid body dynamics. Noninertial frames and pseudoforces. Small

oscillations and normal modes. Wave motion-wave equation, phase velocity, group velocity, dispersion.

Special theory of relativity-Lorentz transformations, addition of velocities, mass-energy equivalence,

energy-momentum four-vector.

3.

expansion, dielectrics. Magnetostatics - Ampere’s theorem, Biot-Savart Law, electromagnetic induction.

Maxwell’s equation in free space and in linear isotropic media. Boundary conditions on the field at

interfaces. Scalar and vector potentials, Gauge invariance. Electromagnetic waves-reflection and

refraction, dispersion, Rectangular wave guides. Interference, coherence, visibility of fringes.

Diffraction, Polarization, Electrodynamics motion of a charged particle in electric and magnetic fields.

Radiation from moving charges, radiation from a dipole.

4.

Schrodinger equation. Particle moving in a one-dimensional potential. Orbital angular

momentum. Motion in a central potential symmetry conservation laws and degeneracy. Operator

formalism of quantum mechanics. Angular momenta algebra, spin. Addition of angular momenta.

Time-independent perturbation theory. Time-dependent purturbation theory-adiabatic

approximation. Fermi’s Golden Rule. Elementary theory of scattering in a central potential.

Phase shifts, partial wave analysis. Born approximation. Schrodinger equation in a periodic

potential, Bloch’s theorem, Tunnelling through a potential barrier. Identical particles, spin

statitics connection.

5. Thermodynamics and Statistical Physics, laws of thremodynamics and their consequences.

Thermodynamic potentials and Maxwell’s relations. Chemical potential, phase equilibria. Phase

space, Microstates and macrostates. Ensembles. Partition funcdtion, Free energy and connection

with thermodynamic quantities. Classical and quantum statistics. Degenerate electron gas,

Blackbody radiation and Planck’s distribution law. Bose-Einstein condensation. Einestein and

Debye models for lattice specific heat paramagnetism due to lacalized moments. Elementary

ideas on phase transitions-Van der Walls fluid, Weiss molecular field theory of ferromagnetism.

6. Experimental Techniques, Measurement of fundamental physical constants, temperature, Pressure

Basic Mathematical Methods : Plotting of graph, curve fitting, data analysis, elementary probabilityClassical Dynamics : Basic principles of classical dynamics. Lagrangian and Hamiltonian formalisms.Electromagnetics : Electrostatics-Leplace and Poission equations, boundary value problems, multipleQuantum Physics and Applications : Wave-particle duality. Heisenberg’s Uncertainty Principle.

SET (Physical Science) / 3

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and humidity sensors, photon and particle detectors. Oscilloscopes, function generator, voltage and

current sources, power supply, Measurement of high and low resistance (voltage and current). AC

bridges for L and C Measurement of magnetic field.

Principles and conceptual basis of : (i) Optical sources, interferometry for wavelength measurements,

(ii) Production and measurement of low pressure (vacuum), (iii) Power and single crystal (Laue) Xray

diffraction techniques, (iv) Measurements of signals, signal to noise ratio.

PAPER III

Part A Weightage 50%

SYLLABUS SAME AS FOR PAPER II

Part B Weightage 50%

1. Electronics Semiconductor discrete devices (characteristic curves and physics of p-n junction).

Schottky, Tunnel and MOS diodes, Bipolar junction transistor, junction field effect, transistor

(JFET) Metal-oxide-Semiconductor. Field effect transistor (MOSFET), unijunction transistor

and sillicon controlled rectifier (SCR), Opto-electronic devices (Photo-diode, solar cell, LED,

LCD and photo transistor), Diffusion of impurities in sillicon, growth of oxide.

Applications of semiconductor devices in linear and digital circuits-Zener regulated power

supply, Transistor (bipolar, MOSFFT, JFET) as amplifier, coupling of amplifier stages (DC,

RC and Transformer coupling), RC-coupled amplifier, dc and power amplifier Feedback in

amplifiers and oscillators (phase swift, Hartley, Colpitts and crustal controlled) clipping and

clamping circuits. Transistor as a switch OR, AND and NOT gates (TIL and CMOS gates).

Multivibrators (using transistor) and sweep geneator (using transistors, UJT and SCR).

Linear integrated circuits-Operational amplifier and its applications-Inverting and noninverting

amplifier, adder, integrator, differentiator, waveform geneator, comparator and Schmittrigger,

Butterwoth active filter, phase shifter, Digital integrated circuits-NAND and NOR gates building

block, X-OR gate, simple combinational circuits-Half and full address, Flip-Flops, shift registers,

counters, A/D and D/A coverters, semiconductor memories (ROM, RAM, and EPROM, basic,

architecture of 8 bit microprocessor (INTEL 8085).

Communication Electronics-Basic principle of amplitude frequency and phase modulation.

Simple circuits for amplitude modulation and demodulation, digital (PCM) modulation and

demodulation. Fundamentals of optical communication, Microwave Oscillators (reflex, klystron,

megnetron and Gunn diode), Cavity resonaters. Standing wave detector.

2. Atomic and Molecular Physics : Atomic Physics-quantum states of an electron in an atom,

Hydrogen atom spectrum, electron spin, Stern-Gerlach experiment, spin-orbit coupling, fine

structure, spectroscopic terms and selection rules, hyperfine structure.

Exchange symmetry of wave functions, Pauli exclusion priciples, periodic table, alkali-type spectra,

LS and JJ coupling, Hund’s rules and term reversal.

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Machanisms of line broadening.

Zeeman, Paschen-Back and Stark effects.

Inner-shell vacancy, X-rays and Auger transitions, Compton effect.

Principles of resonance Spectroscopy (ESR and NMR)

Molecular Physics-Covalent, ionic and Van der Waal’s interaction, Born-Oppenheimer approximation.

Heitler-London and molecular orbital theories of H

Rotation, rotation-vibration spectra, Raman Spectra, selection rules, nuclear spin and intensity alteration,

isotope effects, electronics states of diatomic molecules, Franck-Condon principle.

Laser-spontaneous and stimulated emission, optical pumping, population inversion, coherence (temporal

and spatial), simple description of ammonia maser, CO

3. Condensed Matter Physics-Crystal classes and system, 2d and 3d lattices, bonding of common

crystal structure; reciprocal lattice, diffraction and structure factor, elementary ideas about

point defect and dislocations, short and long range order in liquids and solids, liquid crystals,

quasicrystals and glasses.

Lattice vibrations, phonons, specific heat of solids. Free electron theory. Fermi statistics, heat

capacity and Pauli paramagnetic susceptibility.

Electron motion in periodic potentials energy bands in metals, insulators and semiconductors,

tight binding approximation, impurity levels in doped semiconductors.

Dielectrics-Polarization mechanisms, Clausius-Mossotti equation, piezo, pyro and ferroelectricity.

Dia and Para magnetism, exchange interactions, magnetic order, ferro, anti ferro and

ferromagnetism.

Superconductivity-basic phenomenology, Meissner effect, Type I and Type II super conductors,

BCS pairing mechanisms, High Tc materials.

4. Nuclear and Particle Physics

Basic nuclear properties-size, shape, charge distribution; spin and parity, binding, empirical

mass formula, liquid drop model, nuclear stability and radioactive decay.

Nature of nuclear force, elements of deuteron problem and low energy N-N scattering Charge

Independence + charge symmetry of nuclear forces. Evidence for nuclear shell structure.

Single particle shell model-its validity and limitations.

Interactions of charged particles and X-rays with matter, Basic principles of particle detectorsionization

chamber, proportional counter and GM counters, solid state detectors-scintillation

and semiconductor detectors.

Radioactive decays- [

understanding.

2.2 and He-Ne lasers.α β γ ] decays, their classifications and characteristics. Basic theoretical

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Nuclear reactions-Q values and kinematics of nuclear cross-sections, its energy and angular

dependence, elementary ideas of reaction mechanisms, elementary ideas of fission and fusion.

Particle Physics-Classificationof fundamental forces and elementary, particles, Isopin,

strangeness, Gell-Mann-Nishijima formula.

Quark model + SU (3) symmetry.

C.T.P invariances in different interactions, weak interactions, parity-non conservation, K-meson

complex and time reversal invariance, elementary ideas of geuge theory of strong and weak

interactions.

SAMPLE QUESTIONS

PAPER II

1. The value of the continued fraction

1

——————————————

1

1 + ———————————

1

1 + ——————————

1

1 + —————————

1

1 + ————————

1 + .................

is equal to

(A) 0, (B) 1,

(C) (

2. The period of satellite in a circular orbit of radius R is T. The period of another satellite in

a circular orbit of 4R radius is ]

(A) at, (B) T/4

(C) 8T (D) T/8 Answer [C]

√5 – 1)/2, (D) √5 /2, Answer [C]

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PAPER III

1. Show that if a particle decribes a circular orbit under the influence of an attractive central force

directed towards a point on the circle, then attractive force various as

2. A charged Harmonic oscillator is oscillating along

r–5.x axos. A uniform electric field

→

E = E

to nth energy level.

1

o i is applied along x axis. Using second order perturbation theory find the correctionn

Given : <

n + 1 | x | n > = —– —

α

1

<

2n + 1n | x | n + 1 > = —– ———

α

Where

————

2α = ( m w / h ) ½.

√

√

^

Maharashtra State Eligibility Test (SET) - SYLLABUS AND SAMPLE QUESTIONS - Environmental Sciences

Maharashtra State Eligibility Test for Lectureship

UNIVERSITY OF PUNE

Ganeshkhind, Pune-411007

SYLLABUS AND SAMPLE QUESTIONS-(Environmental Sciences)

Subject Subject

Code No.

31 Environmental Sciences

SET (Environmental Science) / 3

environmt science_SET syllabus (03-09)

[31] : ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES

SYLLABUS AND SAMPLE QUESTIONS

NOTE : STRUCTURE OF PAPER II AND REVISED STRUCTURE OF PAPER III PLEASE

SEE PAGE NUMBER ONE.

PAPER-II and PAPER-III (Part-A & B)

Unit—I

Definition principles and scope of Enviornmental Science.

Earth Man and Environment, Ecosystems, Pathways in Ecosystems.

Physico-chemical and Biological factors in the Environment.

Geographical classification and zones.

Structure and composition of atmosphere, hydrosphere, lithosphere and biosphere. Mass and

Energy transfer across the various interfaces, material balance. First and Second law of

thermodynamics, heat transfer processes. Scale of Meterology, pressure, temperature,

precipitation, humidity, radiation and wind.

Atmospheric stability, inversions and mixing heights, windroses.

Natural resources, conservation and sustainable development.

Unit—II

Fundamentals of Environmental Chemistry :

chemical equilibria, acid base reactions. solubility product. solubility of gases in water, the carbonate

system, unsaturated and saturated hydrocarbons radionuclides.

Stochiometry, Gibbs’ energy, Chemical potential,

Chemical composition of Air :

radicals in the atomosphere. Chemical processes for formation of inorganic and organic particulate

matter. Thermochemical and photochemical reactions in the atmospher. Oxygen and ozone chemistry.

Chemistry of air pollutants. Photochemical smog.

Classification of elements chemical speciation Particles irons and

Water Chemistry :

filtration Redox potential.

Chemistry of water concept of DO BOD COD. sedimentation coagulation

Soil Chemistry :

Inorganic and organic components of soil Nitrogen pathways and NPK in soils.

Toxic Chemicals in the environment-Air, Water :

Arsenic Cadmium Lead Mercury Carbon Monoxide O

carcinogens in the air.

Pesticides in water Biochemical aspects of3 and PAN Pesticides Insecticides MIC

Principles of Analytical Methods :

Chromatography Gas Chromatography Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry. GLC HPLC

Electrophoresis. X-ray fluorescence X-ray diffraction Flame photometry.

Titrimetry Gravimetry Colourimetry Spectrophotometry

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Unit—III

Definition Principles and scope of ecology. Human ecology and Human settlement Evolution Origin

of life and speciation.

Ecosystems :

Food web Ecological pyramids types and diversity.

Ecological Succession Population Community ecology and Parasitism Prey predator relationships.

Structure and functions Abiotic and Biotic components energy flows Food chains

Common flora and fauna in India

Aquatic :

Phytoplankton zooplankton and Macrophytes

Terrestrial :

Forests

Endangered and Threatened Species

Biodiversity and its conservation :

conservation National Parks and Sanctuaries Gene pool.

Definition ‘Hotspots’ of Biodiversity Strategies for Biodiversity

Microflora of Atmosphere :

diseases and allergies

Air Sampling techniques Identification of aeroallergens Air-borne

Environmental Biotechnology :

technology.

Fermentation Technology Vermiculture technology Biofertilizer

Unit—IV

Environmental Geosciences

—Fundamental concepts

The earth systems and Biosphere :

hydrosphere atmosphere and biosphere Energy budget of the earth. Earth’s thermal environment and

seasons. Ecosystems flow of energy and matter. Coexistence in communities-food webs.. Earth’s

major ecosystems-terrestrial and aquatic. General relationship between landscape biomes and climate.

Climates of India. Indian Monsoon El Nino Droughts Tropical cyclones and Western Disturbances.

Conservation of matter in various geospheres-lithosphere

Earth’s Processess and Geological Hazards :

rates of natural cycles. Catastrophic geological hazards Study of floods landslides earthquakes

volcanism and avalanche. Prediction and perception of the hazards and adjustments to hazardous

activities.

Earth’s processes; concept to residence time and

Mineral Reasources and Environment :

Occeans as new areas for exploration of mineral resources. Ocean ore and recycling of resources.

Environmental impact of exploitation processing and smelting of minerals.

Resources and Reserves Minerals and Population.

Water Resources and Environment :

levels. Origin and composition of seawater. Hydrological cycle Factors influencing the surface water.

Types of water Resources of oceans Ocean pollution by toxic wastes. Human use of surface and

groundwater. Groundwater pollution.

Global Water Balance Ice sheets and fluctuations of sea

Landuse Planning :

selection and evalutation.

The landuse plan Soil surveys in relation to landuse planning Methods of site

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Environmental Geochemistry :

Mobility of trace elements. Geochemical cycles Biogeochemical factors in environmental health.

Human use trace elements and health. possible effects of imbalance of some trace elements. Diseases

induced by human use of land.

Principles of Remote sensing and its application of Environmental Sciences Application of GIS in

Environmental Managemnt.

Concept of major trace and REE Classification of trace elements.

Unit—V

Sun as source of energy : solar radiation and its spectral characteristics : Fossil fuels-classification.

composition physico-chemical characteristics and energy content of coal petroleum and natural gas.

Principles of generation of hydroelctric power, tidal, Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion wind

geothermal energy solar collectors photovoltaics solar ponds: nuclear energy-fission and fusion:

magnetrohudrodynamic power bio-energy-energy from biomass and biogas, anaerobic digestion:

energy use pattern in different parts of the world.

Environmental implication of energy use : CO

radioactive waste and radioactivity from nuclear reactors impacts of large-scale exploitation of Solar

wind Hydro and Ocean energy.

Unit—VI

2 emissions global warming: air and thermal pollution:

Air :

and diffustion of pollutants. Gas laws governing the behaviour of pollutants in the atmosphere Methods

of monitoring and control of air pollution SO

beings, plants, animals, materials and on climate. Acid Rain Air Quality Standards.

Natural and anthropogenic sources of pollution. primary and Secondary pollutants. Transport2, NOx, CO, SPM Effects of pollutants on human

Water :

sampling and analysis of water quality. Standards, sewage and waste water treatment and recyling.

Water quality standard.

Types, sources and consequences of water pollution. Physico-chemical and Bacteriological

Soil :

Industrial waste effluents and heavy metals their interactions with soil components. Soil microorganisms

and their functions degradation of different insecticides fungicides and weedicides in soil

Different kinds of synthetic fertilizers (NP & K) and their interactions with different components of

soil.

Physico-chemical as bacteriological sampling as analysis of soil quality soil Pollution Control.

Noise :

on noise propagation. Noise expooure levels and standards. Noise control and abatement measures.

Impact of noise on human health.

Sources of noise pollution measurement of noise and Indices effect of meterological parameters

Marine :

marine system-coastal management.

Radioactive and Thermal Pollution.

Sources of marine pollution and control Criteria employed for disposal of pollutants in

Unit—VII

Introduction to environmental impact analysis.

Environmental impact Statement and Environmental Management Plan.

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EIA guidelines 1994, Notification of Government of India.

Impact Assessment Methodologies.

Generalized approach to impact analysis.

Procedure for reviewing Environmental impact analysis and statement.

Guidelines for Environmental audit.

Introduction to Environmental planning.

Base line information and predictions (land, water, atmosphere, energy, etc.)

Restoration and rehabilitation technologies.

Landuse policy for India.

Urban planning for India.

Rural planning and landuse pattern.

Concept and strategies of sustainable development.

Cost-Benefit analysis.

Environmental priorities in India and sustainable development.

Unit—VIII

Sources and generation of solid wastes, their characterization, chemical composition and classification.

Different methods of disposal and management of solid wastes (Hospial Wastes and Hazardous

Wastes) Recycling of waste material. Waste minimization technologies.

Hazardous Wastes Management and Handling Rules, 1989. Resource Management. Disaster

Management and Risk analysis.

Environment protection-issues and problems. International and National efforts for Environment

Protection. Provision of Constitution of India regarding Environment (Article 48A and 58A).

Environmental Policy Resolution. Legislation, public Policy Strategies in Pollution Control. Wildlife

Protection Act, 1972 amended 1991. Forest Conservation Act, 1980. Indian Forests Act (Revised)

1982. Air (Provention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1981 as amended by Amendment Act, 1987

and Rule 1982. Motor Vechile Act, 1988. The Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act,

1974 as amended up to 1988 and Rules 1975. The Environment (Protection) Act, 1986 and Rules

1986.

Scheme of labelling of environmentally friendly products (Ecomark), Public Liability Insuramce Act,

1991 and Rules 1991.

Unit—IX

Basic elements and tools of statistical analysis; Probability, sampling measurement and distribution of

attributes; Distribution-Normal.

means; moments; matrices, simultaneous linear equations; tests of hypothesis and significance.

t and c2. Poisson and Binomtal; Arithmetic. Geometric and Harmonic

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Introduction to environmental system analysis; Approaches to development of models; linear simple

and multiple regression models, validation and forecasting, Models of population growth and

interactions-Lotka-Volterra model. Leslie’s matrix model, point source stream pollution model, box

model, Gaussian plume model.

Unit—X

Environmental Education and Awareness.

Environmental Ethics and Global imperatives.

Global Environmental problems-ozone depletion, global warming and climatic change.

Current Environmental issue in India.

Context : Narmada Dam. Tehri Dam, Almetti Dam, Soil Erosion, Formation and reclamation of Usar,

Alkaline and Saline Soil.

Waste lands and their reclamation.

Desertification and its control.

Vehicular pollution and urban air quality.

Depletion of Nature resources.

Biodiversity conservation and Agenda-21.

Waste disposal, recycling and power generation. Fly ash utilization.

Water Crises-Conservation of water.

Environmental Hazards.

Eutrophication and restoration of Indian lakes.

Rain water harvesting.

Wet lands conservation.

Epidemiological issues (e.g. Goitre, Fluorosis, Arsenic).

SAMPLE QUESTIONS

PAPER-II

1. What is the most abundant anion in river water ?

(A) Cl

–

(B) SO2

2–

4

(C) CO

2–

3

(D) HCO

–

3

2. Which one of the following places is likely to be affected by Chemical Weathering ?

(A) Thar Desert

(B) Tibetan Plateau

(C) Western Ghats

(D) Siwalik

SET (Environmental Science) / 8

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3. Night blindness in children is due to deficiency of

(A) Vitamin A

(B) Vitamin C

(C) Vitamin B complex

(D) Protein

————

Maharashtra State Eligibility Test (SET) - SYLLABUS AND SAMPLE QUESTIONS -Mathematical Sciences

Maharashtra State Eligibility Test for Lectureship

UNIVERSITY OF PUNE

Ganeshkhind, Pune-411007

SYLLABUS AND SAMPLE QUESTIONS-(Mathematical Sciences)

Subject Subject

Code No.

30 Mathematical Sciences

SET (Mathematical Sciences) / 2

set booklets \ mathematical science_SET syllabus (03-09)

[30] : MATHEMATICAL SCIENCES

SYLLABUS

PAPER II

General Information : Units 1, 2, 3 and 4 are compulsory for all candidates. Candidates with

Mathematics background may omit units 10-14 and units 17,18. Candidates with Statistics background

may omit units 6,7,9,15 and 16. Adequate alternatives would be given for candidates with O.R.

background.

1.

continuity, Differentiabilty, Mean Value Theorem, Sequences and series of functions, Uniform

convergence, Riemann integral - definition and simple properties. Algebra of complex numbers,

Analytic functions, Cauchy’s Theorem and integral formula, Power series, Taylor’s and Laurent’s

series, Residues, Contour integration.

2.

transformation, Algebra of matrices, Rank of a matrix, Determinants, Linear equations, Quadratic

forms, Characteristic roots and vectors.

3.

probability, Independence of events, Bayes Theorem, Discrete and continuous random variables,

Binomial, Poisson and Normal distributions; Expectation and moments, Independence of random

variables, Chebyshev’s inequality.

4.

Examples of LPP. Hyperplane, open and closed Half-spaces. Feasible, basic feasible and

optimal solutions. Extreme point and graphical method.

5.

Archimedean property, ordered field, completeness of R, Extended real number system, limsup

and liminf of a sequence, the epsilon-delta definition of continuty and convergence, the algebra

of continuous functions, monotonic functions, types of discontinuties, infinite limits and limits

at infinity, functions of bounded variation. elements of metric spaces.

6.

Mobius transformations, Analytic functions, Cauchy-Riemann equations, line integrals, Cauchy’s

theorem, Morera’s theorem, Liouville’s theorem, integral formula, zero-sets of analytic functions,

exponential, sine and cosine functions, Power siries representation, Classification of singularities,

Conformal mapping.

7.

Groups, Permutation Groups, Cayley’s Theorm, Rings, Ideals, Integral Domains, Fields,

Polynomial Rings.

8.

Dimension. The algebra of linear Transformations, kernal, range, isomorphism, Matrix

Representation of a linear transormation, change of bases, Linear functionals, dual space,

projection, determinant function, eigenvalues and eigen vectorsCayley-Hamilton

Theorem,Invariant Sub-spaces, Canonical Forms : diagonal form, Triangular form, Jordan

Form. Inner product spaces.

Basic Concepts of Real and Complex Analysis : Sequences and series, Continuity, UniformBasic Concepts of Linear Algebra : Space of n-vectors, Linear dependence, Basis, LinearBasic Concepts of Probability : Sample space, Discrete probability, Simple theorems onLinear Programming Basic Concepts : Convex sets, Linear Programming Problem (LPP).Real Analysis : Finite, countable and uncountable sets, Bounded and unbounded sets,Complex Analysis : Riemann Sphere and Stereographic projection. Lines, circles, crossratio.Algebra : Group, subgroups, Normal subgroups, Quotient Groups, Homomorphisms, CyclicLinear Algebra : Vector spaces, subspaces, quotient spaces, Linear indepenence, Bases,

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9.

Order ODE, General theory of homogeneous and non-homogeneous Linear ODE, Variation of

Paraneters. Lagrange’s and Charpit’s methods of solving First order Partial Differental Equations.

PDE’s of higher order with constant coefficients.

10.

dispersion. Bivariate data correlation and regression. Least squares-polynomial regression,

Applications of normal distribution.

11.

(univariate and multivariate); expectation and moments; independent events and independent

random variables; Bayes theorem; marginal and conditional distribution in the multivariate

case, covariance matrix and correlation coefficients (product moment, partial and multipal),

regression.

Moment generating functions, characteristic functions; probability inequalities (Tehebyshef,

Markov, Jensen). Convergence in probability and in distribution; weak law of large numbers

and central limit theorem for independent indentically distributed random variables with finite

variance.

12.

Geometric and Negative binomial distributions, Uniform, exponential, Cauchy, Beta, Gamma,

and normal (univariate and multivariate) distributions Transformations of random variables;

sampling distributions. t, F and chi-square distributions as sampling distributions, as sampling

distributions, Standard errors and large sample distributions. Distribution of order statistics

and range.

13.

moments, minimum chi-square method, least- squares method. Unbiasedness, efficiencey,

consistency. Cramer-Rao inequality. Sufficient, Statistics. Rao-Blackwell theorem. Uniformly

minimum variance unbiased estimators. Estimation by confidence intervals. Tests of hypotheses

: Simple and composite hypotheses, two types of errors, critical region, randomized test, power

function, most powerful and uniformly most powerful tests. Likelihood-ratio tests. Wald’s

sequential probability ratio test.

14.

: one-population and two-population cases; related confidence intervals. Tests for product

moment, partial and multiple correlation coefficients; comparison of k linear regressions.

Fitting polynomial regression; related test Analysis of discrete date: chi-square test of goodness

of fit, contingency tables. Analysis of variance : one-way and two-way classification (equal

number of observations per cell). Large sample tests through normal approximation.

Nonparametric tests : sign test, Median test, Mann-Whitney test, Wilcoxon test for one and

two-samples, rank correlation and test of independence.

Differential Equations : First order ODE, singular solutions initial value Problems of FirstData Analysis Basic Concepts : Graphical representation, measures of central tendency andProbability : Axiomatic definition of probability. Random variables and distribution functionsProbability Distribution : Bemoulli, Binomial, Multinomial. Hypergeomatric, Poisson,Theory of Statistics : Methods of estimation : maximum likelihood method, method ofStatistical Methods and Data Analysis : Tests for mean and variance in the normal distribution

SET (Mathematical Sciences) / 4

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15.

types of models. Replacement models and sequencing theory, Inventory problems and their

analytical structure. Simple deterministic and stochastic models of inventory control. Basic

characteristics of queueing system, different performance measures, steady state solution of

Markovian queueing models: M/M/1, M/M/1 with limited waiting space M/M/C, M/M/C with

limited waiting space.

16.

Transformation and assignment problems. Two person-zero sum games. Equivalence of

rectangular game and linear programming.

17.

without replacement. Stratified sampling; allocation problem; systematic sampling Two stage

sampling. Related estimation problems in the above cases.

18.

and analysis of completely randomised, randomised blocks and Latin-square designs. Factorial

experiments. Analysis of 2n factorial experiments in randomised blocks.

Operational Research Modelling : Definition and scope of Operational Research. DifferentLinear Programming : Linear Programming, Simplex method, Duality in linear programming.Finite Population : Sampling Techniques and Estimation: Simple random sampling with andDesign of Experiments : Basic principles of experimental design. Randomisation structure

SYLLABUS

PAPER III

1.

uniform convergence. Eulidean space R”, Bolzano-Weierstrass theorem, compact Subsets of

R”, Heine-Borel T\theorem, Fourier series.

Continuity of functions on R”, Differentiability of F:R”-R

and directional derivatives, continuously differentiable functions. Taylor’s series. Inverse function

theorem, Implieit function theorem.

Integral functions, line and surface integrals, Green’s theorem, Stoke’s theorem.

2.

Analtic functions. Liouville’s theorem, Fundamental theorem of algebra Riemann’s theorem

on removable singularities, maximum modulus principle. Schwarz Iemma, Open Mapping

theorem, Casorattl-Weierstrass-theorem, Weierstrass’s theorem on uniform convergence on

compact sets, Bilinear transformations, Multivalued Analytic Functions, Riemann Surfaces.

3.

Prime Ideals, Integral domains Euclidean domains, principal Ideal domains, Unique Factorisation

domains, quotient fileds, Finite fields, Algebra of Linear Transformations, Reduction of matrices

to Canonical Forms, Inner Product Spaces, Orthogonality, Quadratic Forms, Reduction of

quadratic forms.

4.

Connectedness, Weierstrass’s approximation Theorem, Completeness, Bare category theorem,

Labesgue measure, Labesgue Integral, Differentiation and Integration.

Real Analysis : Riemann integrable functions; improper integrals, their convergence andm. Properties of differential, partialComplex Analysis : Cauchy’s theorem for convex regions. Power series representation ofAlgebra : Symmetric groups, Alternating groups, Simple groups, Rings, Maximal Ideals,Advanced Analysis : Elements of Metric Spaces, Convergence, continuity, compactness,

SET (Mathematical Sciences) / 5

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5.

solvable groups, Jordan Holder Theorem, Direct Products, Structure Theorem for finite abelian

groups, Chain conditions on Rings; Characteristic of Field, Field extensions, Elements of

Galois theory, solvability by Raducals, Ruler and compass construction.

6.

Graph Theorems. Principal of Uniform boundedness, Boundedness and continuity of Linear

Transformations, Dual Space, Embedding in the second dual, Hilbert Spaces, Projections.

Orthonormal Basis, Riesz-representation theorem, Bessel’s Inequality, parsaval’s identity, self

adjoined operators, Normal Operators.

7.

Compactness, Connectedness, Separation Axioms, First and Second Countability, Separability,

Subspaces, Product Spaces, quotient spaces. Tychonoft’s Theorem, Urysohn’s Metrization

theorem, Homotopy and Fundamental Group.

8.

Complements, Boolean Algebra, Boolean Expressions, Application to switching circuits,

Elements of Graph Theory, Eulerian and Hamiltonian graphs, planar Graphs, Directed Graphs,

Trees, Permutations and Combinations, Pigeonhole principle, principle of Inclusion and

Exclusion, Derangements.

9.

dy/dx = f (x,y) Green’s function, sturm Liouville Boundary Value Problems, Cauchy Problems

and Characteristics, Classification of Second Order PDE, Separation of Variables for heat

equation, wave equation and Laplace equation, Special functions.

10.

Sums of two squares, Arithmatic functions Mu, Tau, and Signa (and ).

11.

Variational Principles-Hamilton’s pronciples and plrinciples of least action; Two dimensional

motion of rigid bodies; Euler’s dynamical equations for the motion of rigid body; Motion of

a rigid body about an axis; Motion about revolving axes.

12.

Compatibility conditions; Strain energy function; Constritutive relations; Elastic solids “Hookes

law; Saint-Venant’s principle, Equations of equilibrium; Plane problem-Airy’s stress function

vibrations of elastic, cylindrical and spherical media.

13.

perfect fluids; Two dimensional motion complex potential; Motion of sphere in perfect liquid

and montion of liquid past a sphere; vorticity; Navier-Stokes’s equations for viscous flowssome

exact solutions.

Advanced Algebra : Conjugate elements and class equations of finite groups, Sylow theorems,Functional Analysis : Banach Spaces Hahn-Banach Theorem, Open mapping and closedTopology : Elements of Topological Spaces, Continuity, convergence, Homeomorphism,Discrete Mathematics : Partially ordered sets, Lattices, Cornplete Lattices, Distrbutive lattices,Ordinary and partial Differential Equations : Existence and Uniqueness of solutionNumber Theory : Divisibility; Linear diophantine equations. Congruences. Quadratic residues;Machanics : Generalise coordinates; Lagranges equation; Hamilton’s cononical equations;Elasticity : Analysis of strain and stress, strain and stress tensors; Geometrical representation;Fluid Mechanics : Equation of continuity in fluid motion; Euler’s equations of motion for

SET (Mathematical Sciences) / 6

set booklets \ mathematical science_SET syllabus (03-09)

14.

Fundamental theorem of space curves; Curves on sirfaces; First and second fundamental form;

Gaussian curvatures; Principal directions and principal curvatures; Goedesics, Fundamental

equations of surface theory.

15.

of a functional, Euler-Lagrange equation; Variational methods of boundary value problems in

ordinary and partial differential equations.

16.

and Volterra type; solution by successive substitutions and successive approximations; Solution

of equations with separable kernels; The Fredholm Alternative; Holbert-Schmidt theory for

symmetric kernels.

17.

Iteration; Newton-Raphason Method; Solution on Linear system; Direct method; Gauss

elminaiton method; Matrix-Inversion eigenvalue problems; Numerical differentiation and

integration.

Numerical solution of ordinary differential equation; iteration method, Picard’s method , Euler’s

method and improved Euler’s method.

18.

Derivatives, Inverse Transform, Convolution Theorem, Applications, Ordinary and Partial

differential equations; Fourier transform; sine and cosine transform, Inverse Fourier Transform,

Application to ordinary and partial differential equations.

19.

analysis and parametric linear programming. Kuhn-Tucker conditions of optimality. Quadratic

programming; methods due to Beale, Wofle and Vandepanne, Duality in quadratic

programmming, self duality, Integer programming.

20.

Jordan-Hahn decomposition theorems. Integratiuon, monotone convergence theorem, Fatou’s

lemma, dominaated convergence theorem. Absolute continuity, Radon Nikodym theorem,

Product measures, Fubini's theorem.

21.

Kolmogorov.

Almost sure convergence, convergence in mean square, Khintchine’s weak law of large numbers;

Kolmogorov’s inequality, strong law of large numbers.

Convergence of series of random variables, three-series criterion. Central limit theorems of

Liapounov and Lindeberg-Feller. Conditional expectation, martingales.

Differetial Geometry : Space curves-their curvature and torsion; Serret Frehat Formula;Calculus of Variations : Linear functionals, minimal functional theorem, general variationLinear Integral Equations : Linear Integral Equations of the first and second kind of FredholmNumerical analysis : Finite differences, Interpolation; Numerical solution of algebric equation;Integral Transform : Laplace transform; Transform of elementary functions, Transform ofMathematical Programming : Revised simplex method, Dual simplex method, SensitivityMeasure Theory : Measurable and measure spaces : Extension of measures,signed measures,Probability : Sequences of events and random variables: Zero-one laws of Borel and

SET (Mathematical Sciences) / 7

set booklets \ mathematical science_SET syllabus (03-09)

22.

theorem, inversion formula, Representation of distribution function as a mixture of discrete

and continuous distribution functions; Convolutions, marginal and conditional distributions of

bivariate discrete and continuous distributions.

Relations between characteristic functions and moments; Moment inequalities of Holder and

Minkowski.

23.

mixed and randomized decision rules; risk function admissibility, Bayes rules, minimax rules,

least favourable distributions, complete class and minimal complete class. Decision problem

for finite parameter space. Convex loss function. Role of sufficiency.

Admissible, Bayes and minimax estimators; illustrations. Unbiasedness. UMVU estimators.

Families of distributons with monotone likelihood property, exponential family of distributions.

Test of a simple hypothesis against a simple alternative from decision-theoretic viewpoint. Tests

with Neyman structure. Uniformly most powerful unbiased tests. Locally most powerful tests.

Inference on location and scale parameters; estimation and tests. Equivariant estimators.

Invariance in hypothesis testing.

24.

theorem, Polya’s theorem and Slutsky’s theorem. Transformation and variance stabilizing

formula. Asymptotic disribution of function of sample moments. Sample quantiles. Order

statistics and their functions. Tests on correlations, coefficient of variation, skewness and

kurtosis. Pearson Chi-square, contingency Chi-square and likelihood ratio statistics. U-statistics

consistency of Tests. Asymptotic relative efficiency.

25.

Characteristics functions. Multivariate normal distributions, margrinal and conditional

distributions; distribution of linear forms, and quadratic forms, Cochran’s theorem. Inference

on parameters of multivariate normal distributions, one-population and two population cases.

wishart distribution. Hotellings T2, Mahalanobis D2 Discrimination analysis, Principal

components, Canonical correlations, Cluster analysis.

26.

best linear unbiased extimates(BLUE); Method of least squares and Gauss-Markovtheorem;

Variance-covariance matrix of BLUES.

Tests of linear hypothesis; One-way and two-way classifications. Fixed, random and mixed

effects models (two-way classifications only); variance components, Bivariate and multiple

linear regression; Polynomial regression; use of ortheogonal polynomials. Analysis of covarance.

Linear and nonlinear regression outliers.

27.

PPS sampling: Double sampling. Cluser sampling. Non-sampling errors: Interpentrating samples.

Multiphase sampling. Ratio and regession methods of estimation.

Distribution Theory : Properties of distribution functions and characteristic functions; continutyStatistical Inference and Decision Theory : Statistical decision problem : non-randomized,Large sample statistical methods : Various modes of convergence. Op and op, CLT, Sheffe’sMultivariate Statistical Analysis : Singular and non-singular multivariate distributions.Linear Models and Regression : Standard Gauss-Markov models; Estimability of parameters;Sample Surveys : Sampling with varying probability of selection, Hurwitz-Thompson estimator;

SET (Mathematical Sciences) / 8

set booklets \ mathematical science_SET syllabus (03-09)

28.

Split and strip plot designs; Quasi-Latin square designs; Youden square. Design for study of

response surfaces; first and second order designs.

Incomplete block designs; Balanced, connectedness and orthogonality, BIBD with recovery of

inter-block information PBIBD with 2 associate classes. Analysis of series of experiments,

esimation of residual effects. Construction of orthogonal-Latin squares, BIB designs, and

confounded factorial designs.

Optimality criteria for experimental designs.

29.

autocovariance and autocorrelation. Moving average, autoregressive, autoregressive moving

average and autoregressive intgegfrated moving average processes. Box-Jenkins models.

Estimation of the parameters in ARIMA models; forecasting. Periodogram and correlogram

analysis.

30.

states, limiting behaviour of n-step transition probabilities, stationary distribution; branching

processes; Random walk; Gambler’s ruin.

Markov processes in continuous time; Poisson processes, birth and death processes, Wiener

process.

31.

measures.

Life tables and its applications; Methods of construction of abridged life tables. Application

of stable population theory to estimate vital rates. Popultion projetions. Stochastic models of

fertility and reproduction.

32.

attribites; single, double and sequential sampling plans; OC and ASN functions, AOQL and

ATI; Acceptance sampling by varieties. Tolerance limits Reliability analysis: Hazard function,

distribution with DFR and IFR; Series and parallel systems. Life testing experiments.

33.

demand. Dynamic inventory models. Probabilistic re-order point, lot size inventory system

with and without lead time. Distribution free analysis. Solution of inventory problem with

unknown density function. Warehousing problem. Queues: Imbedded markov chain method to

obtain steady state solution of M/G/1, G/M/1 and M/D/C, Network models. Machine

maintenance models. Design and control of queueing systems.

34.

processes, Non-sequential discrete optimisation-allocation problems, assortment problems.

Sequential discrete optimisation long-term planning problems, multi stage production processes.

Functional approximations. Marketing systems, application of dynamic programming to

marketing problems. Introduction of new product, objective in setting market price and its

policies, purchasing under Fluctuating prices, Advertising and promotional decisions, Brands

swiching analysis, Distribution decisions.

————Design of Experiments : Factorial experiments, confounding and fractional replication.Time-Series Analysis : Discrete-parameter stochastic processes; strong and weak stationarity;Stochastic Proceses : Markov chains with finite and countable state space, classification ofDemography and Vital Statistics : Measures of fertility and mortality, period and CohortIndustrial Statistics : Control charts for variables and attributes; Acceptance sampling byInventory and Queueing theory : Inventory (S,s) policy periodic review models with stochasticDynamic Programming and Marketing : Nature of dynamic programming, Deterministic

Maharashtra State Eligibility Test (SET) - SYLLABUS AND SAMPLE QUESTIONS -PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION

Maharashtra State Eligibility Test for Lectureship

UNIVERSITY OF PUNE

Ganeshkhind, Pune-411007

SYLLABUS AND SAMPLE QUESTIONS-(PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION)

Subject Subject

Code No.

21 Public Administration

SET (Public Administration) / 3

public administration_SET syllabus (03-09)

[21] : PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION

SYLLABUS AND SAMPLE QUESTIONS

NOTE : STRUCTURE OF PAPER II AND REVISED STRUCTURE OF PAPER III PLEASE

SEE PAGE NUMBER ONE.

PAPER—II

1. Theory of Public Administration

Public administration-Meaning, Nature and Scope, Public and Private Administration. New

Public Administration. New Public Management.

Administrative Thinkers-Kautilya, Woodrow Wilson, Gullick and Urwick, Max Weber, F. W.

Taylor, Henry Fayol, M. P. Follet, Elton Mayo, C. I. Barnard, Herbert Simon, D. H. McGregor,

Abraham Maslow, Herzberg, Chris Argyris and Fred Riggs.

Theories-Classical, Human Relations, Bureaucratic Public Choice and Principal-Agent

relationship.

Approaches to the study of Public Administration-Scientific Management, Behavioural, Systems,

Structural-Functional. Decision making, Public Policy and Marxian.

Organisation-Bases of Organisation. Formal and informal; Principles of Organisation-Hierarchy,

Span of Control, Unity of Command, Delegation, Decentralisation and Coordination; Line-

Staff Agencies.

Leadership, Motivation and Communication.

2. Comparative Public Administration

Comparative Public Administration-Nature of Scope.

Theories and Models of Comparative Public Administration-Contributions of Fred Riggs.

Montgomery and Ferrel Heady.

A Comparative Study of the Administration, Institutions and Processes in U.K., U.S.A. and

India.

Various Control Mechanisms over Administration in U.K., U.S.A and India.

Citizen and Administration-Machinery for redressal of citizen’s grievances in U.K., U.S.A.

and India.

3. Development Administration

Development Administration-Meaning, Nature and Scope Concept of Development

Administration; Development Administration and Traditional Administration; Characteristics of

Administration in Developed and Developing Countries.

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Public and Private Sectors and their Administration.

Planning-Projects and Plan Formulation, Plan Implementation and Evaluation.

Bureaucracy and Development Administration-Role of Bureaucracy in Plan Formulation and its

Implementation.

Development Administration-Interactions among Bureaucrats, Politicians, Technocrats, Social

Scientists, Educationists and Journalists. People’s Participation in Development.

International Aid and Technical Assistance programmes-IMF, IBRD, WTO.

4. Indian Administration

Administrative Legacies at the time of Independence-Civil Services; District and Revenue

Administration.

Organisation of Government at Centre level-Organisation of Secretariat. Ministries and

Departments, Cabinet Secretariat, P.M.O.

Organisation of Government at State level-Secretariat, Role of Chief Secretary. Organisation

of Ministries, Departments and Directorates.

Personnel Administration-Classification of Services. Recruitment, Recruitment Agencies-

U.P.S.C. and State Public Service Commissions, Training, Promotion, Discipline, Morale,

Staff Associations. Employer-Employee Relations.

Financial Administration-Budget, Enactment of the Budget, Finance Ministry and its Role,

Audit and Accounts, Comptroller and Auditor-General.

Plans-Five Year Plans, Formulation of Plans, Planning Commission, National Development

Council, Plan implementation.

Centre-State Relations-Legislative. Adminstrative and Financial, Finance Commission.

Control over Administration Legislative, Executive and Judicial control, Transparency,

Accountability and Administrative Responsiveness.

District Administration-Organisation of District Administration. Role of District Collector in

Development, Local Government-Rural and Urban.

Panchayati Raj Institutions and their Role in Development.

Citizen and Administration-Lokpal and Lokayukta.

Delegated Legislation and Administrative Adjudication.

Administrative Reforms in India since Independence.

5. Research Methodology

Types of Research.

Identification of Problem and Preparation of Research Design.

Research Methods in Social Sciences.

Hypothesis.

Sampling-Various Sampling Procedures.

Tools of Data Collection-Questionnaire, Interview, Content Analysis.

Processing of Data.

Measures of Central Tendency-Mean, Mode and Median.

Report Writing.

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6. Social and Economic Administration

Meaning, Nature and Scope of Social Welfare and Social Justice.

Central Social Welfare Board and State Social Welfare Boards.

Major Social Sectors-Health and Education.

Industrial Policy Resolutions and Growth of Public Sector in India.

Public Sector-Features, Problems of Management, Accountability and Autonomy.

New Economic Policy Liberalisation-Privatisation and Globalisation.

7. Local Governments-Rural and Urban

Meaning, Nature and Scope of Local Governments.

Major Features and Structures of Local Government in U.K., U.S.A., France and India.

73rd and 74th Constitutional Amendments in India.

Functions and Role of Local Governments in India.

State-Local Relations in India.

PAPER—III (A)

(CORE GROUP)

Unit—I

Public Administration-Meaning, Nature and Scope, Public and Private Administration, New Public

Administration. New Public Management.

Unit—II

Organisation-Bases of Organisation-Formal and Informal. Principles of Organisation. Hierarchy,

Span of Control. Unity of Command. Delegation. Decentralisation. Co-ordination and Line &

Staff Agencies.

Unit—III

Administrative Thinkers-Kautilya, Woodrow Wilson, Luther Gullick and Lyndall Urwick, Max

Weber. F. W. Taylor. Henry Fayol, M. P. Follet, Elton Mayo, Chester Barnard, Herbert Simon,

D. H. McGregor, Abraham Maslow. Frederick Herzberg and Chris Argyris.

Unit—IV

Theories and Models of Comparative Public Administration-Contributions of Fred Riggs,

Montgomery and Ferrel Heady.

A Comparative Study of the Administration, Institutions and Processes in U.K., U.S.A and

India.

Unit—V

Development Administration-Meaning, Nature and Scope. Concept of Development

Administration, Development Administration and Traditional Administration, Characteristics of

Administration in Developed and Developing Countries.

Bureaucracy and Development Administration.

SET (Public Administration) / 6

public administration_SET syllabus (03-09)

Unit—VI

Indian Administration-Organisation of the Union Government-Central Secretariat, Ministries and

Departments, Cabinet Secretariat, P.M.O.

Organisation of the State Government-Secretariat. Role of Chief Secretary, Organisation of

Departments and Directorates.

Unit—VII

Personnel Administration-Classification of Services Recruitment, Recruitment Agencies-U.P.S.C.

and State Public Service Commissions, Training, Promotion, Discipline, Morale, Staff

Associations, Employer-Employee Relations.

Financial Administration-Budget-Meaning, Preparation and Enactment, Finance Ministry and its Role,

Audit and Accounts, Comptroller and Auditor General.

Unit—VIII

Research Methodology-Research Methods in Social Sciences.

Types of Research, Sampling, Tools of Data Collection.

Unit—IX

Structure of District Administration, Role of District Collector, Local Government-Rural and

Urban : Structure, Functions and Role, Finances; State-Local Relations.

Unit—X

Social and Economic Administration-The Concept of Social Welfare. Social Justices and

Social Change.

The Concepts of Liberalisation. Privatisation and Globalisation-The new Economic Policy.

Role of Voluntary and Non-governmental Agencies in Socio-economic Development.

PAPER—III(B)

(ELECTIVE/OPTIONAL)

Elective—I

Public Policy-Meaning, Types and Significance.

Approaches to Public Policy.

Institutional Arrangements for Policy-making.

Polilcy-making Process, Policy Implementation. Policy Education, Policy Monitoring and

Evaluation.

Policy Analysis.

Elective—II

Concepts of Social Welfare. Social Justice and Social Change.

Organisational Structure for Social Justice Administration-Central Social Welfare Board, State

Social Welfare Boards, Role of N.G.O.s and Voluntary Organisations, State Departments of

Social Welfare and the Union Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment, Reservation

Policy.

Major Social Sectors-Health and Education.

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Elective—III

Economic Policy in India since Independence.

Concept of Mixed Economy.

Industrial Policy Resolutions and Growth of Public Enterprises in India.

Public Enterprises-Features, Problems of Management, Accountability and Autonomy.

Liberalisation, Privatisation and Globalisation. Disinvestment Policy-The New economic Policy.

Elective—IV

Local Self-Government-Meaning, Nature and Scope.

73rd and 74th Consittutional Amendments in India.

Organisation and Functions.

Finances.

State and Local Government Relations.

Challenges before the Local Self-Government.

Elective—V

Concept of Rural Development, Approaches to Rural Development, Community Development,

Area Development, Integrated Rural Development, Centralization and Decentralization, Role

of Cooperatives.

Process of Urbanization, Urban Development Infrastructure, Housing, Water Supply, Sewerage,

Environment, Transport.

Master Plan, Nation Capital Region, Development Authorities, Slums.

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SAMPLE QUESTIONS

PAPER—II

1. Which of the following statements about the meaning of Public administration is correct ?

(A) It is an individual effort directed towards the realization of a consciously laid down

objective.

(B) According to Pfeifner and Presthus, administration is the organisation and direction of

human and material resources to obtain the results which may not be clearly defined.

(C) According to John A. Vieg, administration is determined, action taken in pursuit of

conscious purpose.

(D) Public administration is not concerned with subject of intellectual study and inquiry.

2. Which of the following are the common features of comparative administration and comparative

politics as stated by Ferrel Heady and Sybil L. Stokes ?

(1) Comparative youth of their participants.

(2) Effort to arrive at concepts and theories that are timely universal.

(3) Effort to be inter-disciplinary in interests and techniques.

(4) General commitment to the outlook identified with behaviouralism.

Select the correct answer from the codes given below :

(A) 1, 2, and 3

(B) 2, 3 and 4

(C) 1, 2, 3 and 4

(D) 1, 2 and 4

—————