CBSE I NCERT I IX SURFACE AREAS AND VOLUMES

CBSE I NCERT I  IX SURFACE AREAS AND VOLUMES

Surface Area of a Cuboid and a Cube          Surface Area of a Right Circular Cylinder
Surface Area of a Right Circular Cone        Surface Area of a Sphere
Volume of a Cuboid                                       Volume of a Cylinder  
Volume of a Right Circular Cone                 Volume of a Sphere

   Set Paper-1                                                 Section A

1.         The curved surface area of a right circular cylinder of height 14 cm is 88cm2. Find the diameter of the base of the cylinder. 

2.        Curved surface area of a right circular cylinder is 4.4m2. If the radius of the base of the cylinder is 0.7m, find its height. 

3.        Find the total surface area of a cone, if its slant height is 21 m and diameter of its base is 24m.Find    (i) the curved surface area and  (ii) the total surface area of a hemisphere of radius 21 cm. 

4.        The diameter of the moon is approximately one fourth of the diameter of the earth. Find the ratio of their surface areas. 

5.        Find the radius of a sphere whose surface area is 154cm2. 

6.        A matchbox measures 4cm x 2.5cm x 1.5cm. What will be the volume of a packet containing 12 such boxes? 

7.        A cubical water tank is 6m long, 5m wide and 4.5m deep. How many liters of water can it hold? 

8.        The capacity of a cubical tank is 50000 liters of water. Find the breadth of the tank, if its length and depth are respectively 2.3m and 10m. 

9.        The height and the slant height of a cone are 21cm and 28 cm respectively. Find the volume of the cone. 

10.      If the volume of a right circular cone of height 9cm is 48π cm3, find the radius of the base. (Use π=3.14)

11.        A triangle ABC with sides 5cm, 12cm and 13cm cm is revolved about the side 12 cm. Find the volume of the solid so obtained. 

12.      Find the volume of a sphere whose surface area is 154cm2. 

13.      How many liters of milk can a hemispherical bowl of diameter 10.5 cm hold? 

14.      Find the amount of the water displaced by a solid spherical ball of diameter (i) 28cm (ii) 0.21m 

15.      Find the lateral or curved surface area of a closed cylindrical petrol storage tank that is 4.2m in diameter and 4.5 m high. How much steel wad actually used, if 1/12 th of the steel actually used was wasted in making the tank. 

Section B

16.      A capsule of medicine is in the shape of a sphere of diameter 3.5mm. How much medicine (in mm3) is needed to fill this capsule? 

17.      A hemispherical tank is made up of an iron sheet 1cm thick. If the inner radius is 1m, then find the volume of the iron used to make the tank. 

18.      The diameter of a metallic ball is 4.2cm. What is the mass of the ball, if the density of the metal is 8.9 g per cm3? 

19.      A conical pit of top diameter 3.5m is 12m deep. What is its capacity in kilolitres? 

20.     The volume of a right circular cone is 9856 cm3. If the diameter of the base is 28cm, find  (i) height of the cone (ii) Slant height of the cone. (iii) Curved surface area of the cone. 

21.      A heap of the wheat is the form of a cone whose diameter is 10.5m and height is 3m. Find its volume. The heap is to be covered by congas to protect it from rain. Find the area of the canvas required. 

22.     The circumference of the base of a cylindrical vessel is 132 cm and height is 25 cm. How many liters of water can it hold? 

23.     A solid cube of side 12 cm is cut into eight cubes of equal volume. What will be the side of the new cube? Also, find the ratio between their surface areas.\ 

24.     A river 3m deep and 40m wide is flowing at the rate of 2km per hour. How much water will fall into the sea in a minute? 

25.     A hemispherical bowl is made of steel, 0.25cm thick. The inner radius of the bowl is 5cm. Find the ratio of their surface areas. 

26.     A cylindrical pillar is 50 cm in diameter and 3.5 m in height. Find the cost of painting the curved surface of the pillar at the rate of Rs. 12.50per m2. 

27.     The floor of a rectangular hall has a perimeter 250m If the cost of painting the four walls at the rate of Rs 10per m2 is Rs 15000, find the height of the hall. 

Section C

28.     Hameed has built a cubical water tank with lid for his house, with each outer edge 1.5 m long. He gets the outer surface of the tank excluding the base, covered with square tiles of side 25 cm. Find how much he would spend for the tiles, if the cost of the titles is Rs 360 per dozen. 

29.     A plastics box 1.5 m long wide and 65 cm deep is to made. It is opened at the top. Ignoring the thickness of the plastics sheet, determine: (i) The area of the sheet required for making the box. (ii) The cost of the sheet for it, if a sheet measuring the box. 

30.     A small indoor greenhouse (herbarium) is made entirely of glass panes (including base) held together with tape. It is 30 cm long, 25 cm, wide and 25 cm high.  (i) What is the area of the glass?   (ii) How much of tape is needed for all 12 edges? 

31.      Savitri had to make a model of cylindrical kaleidoscope for her science project. She wanted to use chart paper to make the curved surface of the kaleidoscope. What would be the area of chart paper required by her, if she wanted to make a kaleidoscope of length 25cm with a 2.5 cm radius? (Use π=22/7) 

32.     A metal pipe is 77 cm long. The inner diameter of a cross section is 4cm, the outer diameter being 4.4 cm. Find its        (i) inner curved surface area.      (ii) Outer curved surface area. (iii) Total surface area. 

33.     In a hot water heating system, there is a cylindrical pipe of length 28 m and diameter 5 cm. Find the total radiating surface in the system. 

34.     The hollow sphere, in which the circus motorcyclist performs his stunts, has a diameter of 7m. Find the area available to the motorcyclist for riding. 

35.     A hemispherical dome of a building needs to be painted. If the circumference of the base of the dome is 17.6m, find the cost of painting it, given the cost of painting is Rs 5 per 100cm2. 

Test Paper -2     Questions Bank
1. An underground water tank is in the shape of cube of side 7 m. What will be its volume?
2. What will be volume of a box whose length 16 m, breadth 8 m and height is 5 m?
3. The length, breadth and height of a room are 12 m, 10 m, and 9m respectively. Find the area of  our walls of room?
4. The volume of a cube is 27a3 . Find the length of its edge?
5. How much Aluminium sheet will be required to make a container with lid whose length is 13 m, breadth is 8 m and height is 4 m?
6. The volume of a cube is 1331 cm3 . Find the length of its edge?
7. The length of diagonal of a cube is 17.32 cm. Find the volume of that cube?
8. Three cubes whose sides are 6 cm, 8 cm and 10 cm. They are melted and form a cube. Find the volume of that cube?
9. Two cubes have edge 10 m. Their edges have been joined and form a cuboid. What will be the surface area of cuboid thus formed?
10. The total volume of a cube is 512 cubic cm. Find the side of a cube?

11. A rectangular box 14 cm long, 10 cm wide and 5 cm high is to be made with card-board. Find the area of card-board to make that box?
12. What will be the volume of a cylindrical tank whose radius is 7 cm and height is 5 cm?
13. How many solid spheres of  2/3 cm radius can be made from a solid sphere of 2 cm radius?
14. If the volume and surface area of a sphere is numerically same then what will be its radius?
15. The volume of a right circular cylinder is 392 π cm3 and its height is 8 cm. Find the radius?
16. The surface area of a sphere is 448 p  cm2 . Find its radius?
 17. What will be the edge of a cube? If its surface area is 324 sq cm .
 18. The volume of a hemisphere is 144 π cm³. What will be its radius?
19. The curved surface area of a cone is 140 π cm². What will be the radius of cone whose slant height is 5 cm.
20. The radius of a solid sphere is 12 cm. How many sphere can be made from it of 6cm radius?
21. The volume of a cuboid is 840 cm³. If its length is 14 cm and breadth is 5 cm. Find the height of cuboid?
22. Four equal cubes have side 5 cm each. They are joined together edge to edge. What will be the surface area of cuboid thus formed?
  23. The area of a rhombus is 56 cm2 and its diagonal is 7 cm. Find the length of other diagonal of the rhombus?
24. Find the maximum length of the rod that can be kept in cyboidal box of sides 30cm, 24cm and 18cm.
 25. The curved surface area of a cylinder is 216 π . If its height is 18 cm then what will be its radius?
26. 60 circular plates of equal radius are placed on each other to form a cylinder. Find height of cylinder if thickness of each plate if 3/4 cm.
27. Curved surface area of a cone is thrice and curved surface area of the other. Slant height of
second cone is thrice the slant height of first. Find ratio of their radii.
 28. A well of 2m diameter is dug 14m deep on the ground. Find the volume of earth taken out.
 29. Volume of a solid sphere is 36πcm³ . Find its radius.
30. A boy recasted a cone of 4cm height and 27cm radius into a solid sphere. Find the radiusof the sphere.
Surface Area And Volume (Chapter-11)  Answers
  1. 343m³          2. 640m³          3. 396m²          4. 3a    5. 376m²          6. 11cm           7. 1000cm³                      8. 1728cm³          9. 1000m²        10. 8cm           11. 520cm²      12. 770cm²1                3. 2714. 3 units                15. 7cm            16. 112cm or 4 7cm                17. 9cm           18. 6cm1         9. 28cm           20. 8
21. 12cm           22. 450cm²                              23. 16cm               24. √1800cm or 30 √2cm
25. 6cm            26. 45cm                                    27. 9:1            28. 44m³           29. 3cm            30. 9cm

CBSE: 10th Class Sample Test Paper - Coordinate Geometry

CBSE: 10th Class Sample Test Paper - Coordinate Geometry

Q.1. Find the coordinates of the mid point of the line segment joining the points (4, 3) and (2, 1).
Q.2. Find the coordinates of the point which divides the line segment joining the points (1, 3) and (2, 7) in the ratio 3: 4.
Q.3. Show that the points (1, 1), (3, -2) and (-1, 4) are collinear.
Q.4. Find the centroid of the triangle whose vertices are (3, -5); (- 7, 4) and (10, - 2).
Q.5. Find the area of a triangle whose vertices are A (1, 2); B (3, 5) and C (- 4, - 7)
Q.6. If the distance of the point P(x, y) from the points A (5, 1) and B (- 1, 5) is equal, show that 3x = 2y.
Q.7. In what ratio does the point P (- 4, 6) divide the line segment joining the points A (- 6, 10) and B (3, - 8).

Heights and Distances : Class X Model Questions

Heights and Distances : Class X Model Questions
 

1. The angle of elevation of the top of a tower, from a point on the ground and at a distance of 150 m from its foot,

is 30°. Find the height of the tower correct to one decimal place.

2. From a point P on the level ground, the angle of elevation of the top of a tower is 30°. If the tower is 100 m high,

how far is P from the foot of tower?

3. A kite is flying at a height of 75 meters from the level ground, attached to a string inclined at 60° to the horizontal. Find the length of the string to the nearest meter.

Arithmetic Progression Assignments for Class X CBSE Mathematics Sample Test Paper

Arithmetic Progression Assignments for Class X CBSE Mathematics Sample Test Paper

 

 

Q. 1. Find the roots: (x + 2) / (x – 2) + (x – 2) / (x + 2) = 5/2, x ≠2, x≠ -2

Q. 2. Determine the values of p for which the quadratic equation: 2×2 + p x + 8 = 0 has real roots.

Q. 3. A shopkeeper buys a number of bananas for Rs. 600. If he had bought 10 dozen more bananas for the same amount, each dozen would have cost him Rs. 2 less. Find the number of bananas bought by him.

Q. 4. If the roots of the equation (c2 – ab)x2 – 2(a2 – bc) x + b2-ac = 0 are equal, prove that either a=0 or a3 + b3 + c3=3abc

Model Question Class X Quadratic Equations

Model Question Class X Quadratic Equations

1. Find the value of k for      kx2 + 2x - 1 = 0, so that it has two equal roots

2. Find the value of k for    k x2   - 2√ 5 x + 4 = 0, so that it has two equal roots.

3. If the roots of the equation (b - c) x2 + (c - c) x + (a - b) = 0 are equal, accordingly prove that  2b = a + c.

4. Find the discriminant of the quadratic equation 3x2– 4 √3 x + 4 = 0, and hence find the nature of its roots.

G.K. Questions [solved] – Kendriya Vidyalaya Sangathan ( Primary Teacher-PRT) held on 12-Feb-2011

G.K. Questions [solved] – Kendriya Vidyalaya Sangathan ( Primary Teacher-PRT) held on 12-Feb-2011
1. For instant energy, athletes take :
a) Sucrose
b) Vitamin C
c) Sodium chloride
d) Milk
2. Which Sufi Saint’s Dargah is at Ajmer?
a) Salim Chishtib) Muinuddin Chisti
c) Baba Farid
d) Hazrat Nizamuddin
3. Through which one among the following materials does sound travel the slowest?
a) Air
b) Glass
c) Water
d) Wood
4. The wheel (chakra) in Indian National Flag contains how many spokes?
a) 12
b) 18c) 24
d) 26
5. In eye donation, which of the following parts of eyes is utilized?
a) Iris
b) Lewsc) Corena
d) Retina
 

G.K. Questions [solved] – Kendriya Vidyalaya Sangathan (TGT) held on 12-Feb-2011

G.K. Questions [solved] – Kendriya Vidyalaya Sangathan (TGT) held on 12-Feb-2011

1. Which of the following pairs is not correctly matched?
a) Kalinga Award – Popularization of Science
b) Barlong Award – Agriculture
c) David-Cohen Award – Literature
d) Pulitzer Prize – Progress in Religion
2. Which of the following characters was not a part of Shakespearian plays?
a) Julius
b) Brutus
c) Potter
d) Ariel
3. Which of the following international organizations is dedicated to the cause of wildlife conservation?
a) UNFPA
b) UNDP
c) UNESCO
d) WHO
4. Human Rights Day is observed on :
a) 10 October
b) 9 May
c) 10 December
d) 18 February
5. Railway coaches are made in the largest number at Integral coach factory, situated in:
a) Kapurthala
b) Perambur
c) Varanasi
d) Moradabad
6. Which of the following is not a necessary qualification for a state to become a member of United Nationas Organization? It should :
a) be a sovereign state
b) be a peace loving state
c) be a willing to discharge responsibilities under the UNO charter
d) guarantee human rights and freedom to its citizens
7. The imaginary line on the earth’s surface which closely follows 180o meridian, is called :
a) International date time
b) Tropic of Cancer
c) Equator
d) Prime Meridian

G.K. Questions [solved] – Kendriya Vidyalaya Sangathan (PGT) held on 11-Feb-2011

G.K. Questions [solved] – Kendriya Vidyalaya Sangathan (PGT) held on 11-Feb-2011

 1. The headquarters of World Trade Organisation is located in :
a) Geneva
b) Paris
c) Washington
d) New York
 2. The number of High Courts in India is :
a) 31b) 21
c) 25
d) 24
3. Under which section of the Hindu marriage Act, 1955 the provision relating to registration of  Marriage is given?.
a) 8
b) 7
c) 6
d) 5
4. A radar which detects the presence of an enemy aircraft uses :
a) sound wavesb) radio waves
c) electric waves
d) ultrasound waves

Kerala PSC Model Paper

Kerala PSC Model Paper

Assistant Salesman/ Conductor

Model Question Paper

1. Arundhathy Roy got Booker Prize for the year:

Ans. 1997

2. The most powerful organ of UNO:

Ans. Security Council

3. Doctor’s day (July 1) is observed on the birth day of:

Ans. Dr. BC Roy

4. Who said this “To err is human and to forgive is divine”?

Ans. Alexander Pope

5. The Mauryan emperor who embraced Buddhism and became its greatest patron:

Ans. Asoka

6. Who founded the city of Siri?

Ans. Alauddin Khilji

7. The most famous ruler of Gupta dynasty:

Ans. Chandragupta II

8. Capital of Kanishka was:

Ans. Purushapruram

9. Who wrote ‘Arthasastra’?

Ans. Chanakya

10. The first women to become Union Minister in India:

Ans. Rajkumari Amrit Kaur

11. Abraham Lincoln was the …………… th president of USA:

Ans. 16

12. Who was known as ‘Lady with the Lamp’?

Ans. Florence Nightingale

13. Antonio Agostinho Neto led the freedom movement in:

Ans. Angola

14. Who discovered Cuba?

Ans. Columbus

15. The US president who was elected unopposed:

Ans. George Washington

16. The last king of Sunga dynasty:

Ans. Devabhuti

17. Father of White revolution in India:

Ans. Varghese kurien

18. Who was called ‘Gurudev’?

Ans. Tagore

19. The first Chinese pilgrim to visit India:

Ans. Fahien

20. Lingaraja temple is in:

Ans. Bhuavaneswar

21. Ruins of ancient Buddhist university can be seen at:

Ans. Nalanda

22. Agra is on the banks of:

Ans. Yamuna

23. The largest cave temple in India:

Ans. Ellora

24. The largest island in the world:

Ans. Greenland

25. Which is known as ‘Blue Mountains’?

Ans. Nilgiris

26. Britain of the South:

Ans. New Zealand

27. The present name of Constantinople:

Ans. Istanbul

28. The ancient Olympics was held for the first time in …………… BC.

Ans. 776

29. Merdeka Cup is related to:

Ans. Football

30. In which year US astronauts Neil Armstrong and Edwin Aldrin landed on Moon:

Ans. 1969

31. The Judge who resigned in 2011 in connection with impeachment proceedings in Parliament:

Ans. Soumitra Sen

32. Polygraph is otherwise known as:

Ans. Lie Detector

33. Heat radiation is measured by:

Ans. Bolometer

34. The number of basic symbols in Roman numeration:

Ans. 7

35. Speed of light is maximum in ……………….

Ans. Vacuum

36. The isotope using for radio carbon dating:

Ans. Carbon-14

37. What is known as the ‘King of poisons’?

Ans. Arsenic

38. Which cash crop was most benefitted by Green Revolution in india:

Ans. Sugar Cane

39. Hydrophytes are grown in:

Ans. Water

40. Which organism has the largest number of ribs?

Ans. Snakes

41. The venue of President’s Trophy boat race:

Ans. Ashtamudi lake

42. Trachoma is a disease of:

Ans. Eye

43. The nearest celestial body to Earth?

Ans. Moon

44. The first space tourist:

Ans. Dennis Tito

45. Falkland Islands belong to:

Ans. Britain

46. “The Lodge” is the official residence of the prime minister of:

Ans. Australia

47. The native land of Lepchas:

Ans. Sikkim

48. In which year Indian states were reorganized under linguistic basis for the first time?

Ans. 1956

49. Jhulum, Chenab, Ravi, Beas and Sutlej are the tribuataries of:

Ans. Indus

50. Which dynasty constructed Charminar?

Ans. Qutub Shahi

51. The prime minister who was instrumental in the formation of RAW:

Ans. Indira Gandhi

52. Who is India’s first economic thinker?

Ans. Dadabhai Navroji

53. The Surat split of INC was in the year:

Ans. 1907

54. The first European to invade India:

Ans. Alexander

55. Who introduced market regulations in Medieval India?

Ans. Alauddin Khilji

56. Who introduced separate civil service for Indians?

Ans. Lytton

57. The total number of electors belongs to Parliament in the Presidential Election:

Ans. 776

58. The work of Thomas More which describes an ideal state:

Ans. Utopia

59. The first Congress chief minister of Kerala:

Ans. R Sankar

60. The district  Kerala with the largest number of Grama Panchayats :

Ans. Malappuram

Bihar TET - BETET 2011-12 - Teacher Eligibility Test MODEL SOLVED PAPER

अध्यापक पात्रता परीक्षा आदर्श प्रश्न (Bihar TET - BETET 2011-12 - Teacher Eligibility Test MODEL SOLVED PAPER)

1. ज का उच्चारण स्थान है-

(अ) कं ठ (ब) तालु (स)मुर्धा (द) दंत

2. संस्कृत भाषा का प्राचीनतम रूप कहां मिलता है?

(अ) ऋग्वेद (ब) उपनिषद (स) रामायण (द) महाभारत

3. 1000 का अभाज्य गुणनखंड क्या होगा?

(अ) 10&10&10 (ब) 2&5&5&10 (स) 2&2&2&5&5 (द) 2&2&2&5&5&5

4. एक आयत का क्षेत्रफल 50 वर्गमीटर है। यदि उसकी लंबाई 10 मीटर है, तो चौड़ाई क्या होगी?

(अ) 5 मी. (ब) 10 मी. (स) 7 मी. (द) 3 मी.

5. अगर हम एक कमरे में चालू फ्रिज रख दें तो कमरे का तापमान क्या होगा?

(अ) बढ़ जाएगा (ब) कम हो जाएगा (स) पहले जितना ही रहेगा (द) काफी कम हो जाएगा

6. यदि कोई व्यक्ति दूर की वस्तुओं को स्पष्ट नहीं देख सकता है तो उसकी दृष्टि में कौन-सा दोष होगा?

(अ) दूर दृष्टि (ब) निकट दृष्टि (स) दृष्टि वैषम्य (द) उपर्युक्त में से कोई नहीं 

7. परमाणु मुख्यत: किसका बना होता है? (अ) इलेक्ट्रान का (ब) प्रोट्रान का (स) न्यूट्रान का (द) इलेक्ट्रान, प्रोट्रान 

एवं न्यूट्रान का 

8. भारत में लोकसभा के लिए प्रथम चुनाव कब हुए थे? 

(अ) 1947 (ब) 1948 (स) 1949 (द) 1952 9. भारत में वन अनुसंधान संस्थान कहां स्थित है? 

(अ) मसूरी (ब) देहरादून (स) नैनीताल (द) पिथौरागढ़ 

10. गांधी जी ने सविनय अवज्ञा आंदोलन कब प्रारंभ किया था? (अ) 1920 (ब) 1928 (स) 1930 (द) 1942

 उत्तर

1. ब, 2. अ, 3. द, 4. अ, 5. अ, 6. ब, 7. द, 8. द, 9. ब, 10. स

अध्यापक पात्रता परीक्षा आदर्श-2

प्रश्न 1. भारत में सुपारी का सबसे अधिक उत्पादन किस राज्य में होता है? 

(अ) कर्नाटक (ब) केरल (स) असम (द) पश्चिम बंगाल 

2. वैदिक काल में किसका अस्तित्व नहीं था? 

(अ) गोत्र (ब) आश्रम (स) वर्ण (द) जाति 

3. गांधीजी का कौन-सा संघर्ष औद्योगिक श्रमिकों से संबंधित था?

 (अ) अहमदाबाद संघर्ष (ब) चम्पारण संघर्ष (स) खेड़ा संघर्ष (द) सूरत संघर्ष 

4. किस सुल्तान ने रक्त की शुद्धता पर काफी बल दिया? 

(अ) इल्तुतमिश (ब) बलबन (स) अलाउद्दीन खिलजी (द) रजिया 

5. शरीर के निर्जलीकरण के दौरान किसकी कमी हो जाती है? 

(अ) सोडियम क्लोराइड (ब) पोटैशियम क्लोराइड (स) आरबीसी (द) डब्ल्यूबीसी 

6. किस उपन्यास को शरतचन्द्र ने लिखा? (अ) चरित्रहीन (ब) श्रीकांत (स) शेष प्रश्न (द) उपर्युक्त सभी

 7. एकलव्य किस गुरु का स्वघोषित शिष्य था? (अ) भीष्म (ब) परशुराम (स) द्रोणाचार्य (द) बलराम

 8. भारतीय शेयर बाजार का मुख्यालय कहां है? (अ) दिल्ली (ब) मुम्बई (स) कोलकाता (द) चेन्नई 

9. एशिया विकास बैंक का मुख्यालय कहां है? (अ) टोकियो (ब) बीजिंग (स) मनीला (द) बैंकाक 

10. ट्रांजिस्टर में अ‌र्द्धचालक के रूप में किसका प्रयोग किया जाता है? 

(अ) तांबा (ब) चांदी (स) ग्रेफाइट (द) जर्मेनियम 

CTET : Teaching and learning in the language classroom

CTET : Teaching and learning in the language classroom

Teaching and learning in the language classroom

Teaching and learning in the language classroom is aimed primarily at language teachers with some experience, and though it could be very useful for teachers to explore on their own, its main use is likely to be as a core textbook on in-service training courses. Throughout, it encourages teachers to reflect on issues in language teaching and learning on the basis of their own experience. Each chapter begins with an “introductory task” which focuses thought on the area to be considered and which in most cases invites teachers to identify aspects of their current ideas and practice on the issue. Similarly, the penultimate section of each chapter is a considerable list of “discussion topics and projects”, many of which are based on examples of teaching materials. These activities are likely to be most profitable when carried out in groups, and the most obvious way in which to exploit them is on a formal training course.
In between these discussion tasks, each chapter produces a highly concentrated but still readable exploration of the issues in the topic under consideration. Though the main subheadings in each chapter take the form of questions, such as “How do second language learners acquire vocabulary?” or “What role can self-access facilities play in language learning?”, these are questions which the author sets out to answer; they are not specifically addressed to the reader. The general pattern of each chapter is to move from more theoretical to practical considerations, and Hedge draws on both research and published teaching materials in exploring central issues in language teaching. The conclusions drawn are often fairly tentative, though; this is not a book which implies that there are clear and straightforward answers to the questions that concern language teachers, or which sets out to provide simplistic classroom “recipes”. After working through the chapters teachers should end up making more informed choices and decisions, but they will still be making the choices–Hedge views teachers as the “decision-makers in managing the classroom process” (1), and it is not her aim to usurp that role by spelling out some fixed set of classroom practices which she believes to be ideal. As she says in the introduction, her book is not “based on the belief that teachers sit at the feet of educationists and applied linguists waiting for ideas to drop, like crumbs, to sustain them”, since “experienced teachers are more robust and independent than that”(2). She recognises that neither theoretical nor classroom research can provide “a base for unshakeable principles of classroom practice”. Her aim is to help provide “a foundation of knowledge against which we can evaluate our own ideas about teaching and learning, to which we can apply for insights in our attempts to solve pedagogical problems, and from which we can draw ideas to experiment with in our own classrooms” (ibid.). Such an approach should appeal to the experienced teacher

CTET : Developmental Psychology

CTET : Developmental Psychology

Teacher Eligibility Test Developmental Psychology

Development

Psychologists interested in social and emotional development focus on relationships, the growth of social skills and social understanding, and the influence of the social world on emotional life. Social relationships begin with the attachments that infants develop with their caregivers. Social life expands considerably with the growth of peer relationships in childhood, romantic relationships in adolescence, marriage and child-rearing in adulthood, and friendships in the workplace, neighborhood, and elsewhere. The people in a person’s social world—parents, relatives, friends, and others—help to shape that person’s emotional life. They provide infants with a sense of security, provoke the first feelings of pride, shame, guilt, or embarrassment in young children, and offer experiences of nurturance, conflict, and love at all ages.

The importance of social relationships to the regulation of emotion is a topic that interests developmental scientists across the life course. A baby depends on caregivers to manage his or her distress, and children learn to manage emotions by seeking assistance and talking about their feelings with trusted adults. Adolescents rely on their peers for emotional understanding, and adults maintain emotional well-being through supportive friendships, especially in later life. Researchers are exploring these social influences on emotion regulation in observational studies of people of all ages, and through interviews with children, adolescents, and adults about how they manage their feelings.

D  Personality Development

The study of personality development explores how the distinctive qualities of people develop over life: their characteristic social and emotional dispositions, self-concept, views of the world, and ways of acting and thinking. Personality development is closely related to social and emotional development, but it is also much broader. It encompasses the emergence of a distinctive temperament early in life, growth in self-understanding and identity, formation of personal goals and values, and the influence of one’s adult roles—such as marital partner, parent, and worker.

One of the scientific challenges of studying personality development is determining the extent to which personality is based on family upbringing or on genetically inherited dispositions. Certainly, parents influence their children’s personalities in many important ways: in the examples they provide, in their warmth and style of discipline, and in the security or insecurity they inspire. But parents and their biological children are also genetically related, and studies of identical twins raised by different families have concluded that much of the resemblance between parents’ and children’s personalities is based on hereditary similarity. Even so, many characteristics in children are not easily explained by heredity, which makes continued study of the interaction of genes and family influence—nature and nurture—important to developmental science.

E  Moral Development

Moral development concerns the development of moral values and behavior. Moral values are beliefs about what is right and wrong; moral behavior refers to actions consistent with these beliefs. Moral development is closely tied to other aspects of psychological growth. The ability to think and reason enables moral judgment, social and emotional development leads to moral values and empathy, and personality development includes the growth of conscience. Moral development is a lifelong process, especially as individuals encounter new and more complex ethical dilemmas in relations with peers, at the workplace, and in intimate relationships.

Young children acquire a sense of right and wrong partly through parental discipline but also in everyday conversations with their parents, who convey simple lessons about people’s feelings, the consequences of breaking rules, and what it takes to be a “good boy” or “good girl.” Another resource for early moral growth is the empathy that young children feel for the distress of others. For example, when parents or peers are upset, toddlers often look concerned and try to assist them. Psychologists continue to explore how interaction between parents and their young children contributes to the development of conscience and to the growth of caring for other people.

Moral development also influences the development of “prosocial” or altruistic behavior—actions such as sharing, cooperating, and helping performed for the benefit of others without expectation of a reward. Studies indicate that the motivation to act altruistically emerges very early. Young children are motivated to do the right thing primarily because they want to maintain warm relationships with caregivers and others who matter to them—not simply to avoid punishment, as was once believed

CTET: Understanding Children with social need

CTET: Understanding Children with social need

Understanding Children with social need for Teacher Eligibility Test

Developmental Psychology

INTRODUCTION

Developmental Psychology, study of changes in human behavior and thought from infancy to old age. Developmental psychology is the study of how people change over time, but it also investigates how and why certain characteristics remain consistent over the life course. A child changes dramatically in size, physical coordination, and thinking capacity while maturing into an adult, for example, but may also maintain the same basic temperament while growing up.

Traditionally, developmental psychologists have focused on child development, believing that most formative experiences of life occur during infancy and childhood. The early years are indeed a time of extremely rapid development, when children acquire motor skills, thinking abilities, social skills, capacities for feeling and regulating emotion, and other characteristics that will last a lifetime. But psychologists have more recently turned their attention to adolescence and adulthood, recognizing that development continues throughout the life span. The study of adult development focuses on the unique experiences of this stage of life and examines how adults maintain and refine their capabilities as they age.

In studying development, researchers seek answers to many basic questions: In what ways do early experiences influence later growth? To what extent does heredity influence individual characteristics? What roles do the family, community, and culture play in a person’s development? How does the developing mind actively create understanding from everyday experiences? How do children acquire language? How does change in one area, such as physical growth, influence other aspects of development, such as social growth? What forms of parental discipline are effective in helping children’s moral growth? Answers to these and other questions can offer important practical guidance to those who care for children. For all individuals, understanding how we have become the people we are today contributes to greater self-awareness and greater appreciation of the forces that shape all people.

The study of human development requires an especially broad and integrative approach. Thus, developmental psychology incorporates ideas from almost every other area of psychology, including social psychology, cognitive psychology, biopsychology, clinical psychology, and educational psychology. It also draws from many other fields concerned with human behavior. These include sociology, biology (especially genetics and evolutionary biology), anthropology, and economics. The variety of fields relevant to developmental psychology reflects the complexity of human growth and change

CTET Science : Paper-II (Practice Paper 03)

CTET Science : Paper-II (Practice Paper 03)

Science for Paper-
1. Balanced diet should have

(a) Protein 2/5, fat 3/5, carbohydrate 1/5

(b) Protein 3/5, fat 1/5, carbohydrate 2/5

(c) Protein 1/5, fat 1/5, carbohydrate 3/5

(d) Protein 1/2, fat ¾, carbohydrate 1/4

2. Which of the following statements about a balanced chemical equation is not true?

(a) Mass is conserved only

(b) Atoms are conserved only

(c) Molecules are conserved only

(d) All of these

3. Atomic theory was given by

(a) John Dalton

(b) Neils Bohr

(c) E. Rutherford

(d) J.J Thomson

4. If we open a bottle of perfume, its smell spreads in the entire room within a short time

due to the process of

(a) Evaporation

(b) Sublimation

(c) Diffusion

(d) Solution

5. Which out of the following is a heterogeneous mixture?

(a) Milk

(b) Soil

(c) Smoke

(d) All of these

6. Carbon dioxide is a compound because:

(a) It exists as solid liquid and gas.

(b) It contains hydrogen and oxygen.

(c) It contains two different elements joined by chemical bonds.

(d) It can be split up into simpler substance by chemical means

7. Which of the following is neither an element nor a compound?

(a) Saline water

(b) Carbon dioxide

(c) Mercury

(d) Sodium chloride

8. Atomicity of Aluminium is

(a) 1

(b) 2

(c) 3

(d) 4

9. The chemical formula of a compound containing 2 atom of hydrogen and 1 atom of

sulphur is

(a) H2SO4

(b) SO2

(c) H2S

(d) H2O

10. When magnesium is burnt in air. It produces magnesium oxide. The correct chemical

reaction is:

(a) Mg +O2 ®MgO

(b) 2 2Mg +O ®2MgO

(c) 2Mg + 2O®2MgO

(d) 2 Mg2 +O ®2MgO

CTET : Child Padalogy

CTET : Child Padalogy

Your child is growing and developing physically, socially, emotionally, and intellectually, it’s important for parents to recognize what stage of development their child is at. Parents who recognize the differences in the developmental growth stages are often more successful in parenting. Read through the developmental differences listed below. Keep in mind that children grow at different rates with different degrees of success and failure. As always, it’s important for parents to check with their pediatrician while their child is progressing through the developmental stages described in this article.

Physical development in this age group includes steady growth patterns.
Gross motor (large muscles) are more developed than fine motor (small muscle). Elementary children are able to run and jump and control the larger muscles in their legs. They have a more difficult time holding small items, catching or putting something together using their fingers.
Elementary children learn through movement. Physical education is important during these developmental years. Let them touch and run!
The body and mind seldom work together.
Parents should:
Allow the child move and explore.
Assist and allow the child to begin practicing cutting with a scissors, use writing and eating utensils and using their fingers as often as possible.
Not allow the child to lift weights or continually participate in activities that over stress large muscles (Example: Participate in three soccer games or five hour gymnastic training sessions in one day).
Encourage the child to be active and have FUN and PLAY!

Rapid and steady growth of intelligence occurs within this age group.
Elementary children have a short attention span (15-20 minutes).
Elementary children generally enjoy learning.
This age group usually has a difficult time making choices and decisions.
Elementary children are not analytical in nature. Processing and analyzing information is not a common developmental trait.
Parents should:
Read to and with your elementary child. Yes! Read. Read. Read!
Be prepared to change academic subject areas after 15-20 minutes to help keep the child engaged. This includes reading a book, playing a game, writing, counting etc. This time frame will allow the parent to have a greater chance to succeed in teaching, modeling and engaging the child’s study interest.
Be patient! Elementary children usually love to learn. Be careful not to turn their love of learning off by being overly critical of mistakes or failures. Make learning FUN! Allow learning mistakes to become part of their education and intellectual development. Children often succeed after making mistakes or errors when the parent remains positive and encouraging.
Help the child to make decisions and choices by limiting their options to two or three choices. Again, be patient.
Avoid using a lot of analogies when you know that your child is having a difficult time processing information. Provide simple answers, comparison and have the child repeat back to you what you said to check for understanding.
Begin to team with the child’s teachers and school when learning difficulties occur. Teachers are encouraged to contact parents of children who have persistent problems in learning. Be open to options provided for your child to be assessed for certain learning disabilities.
Realize that an elementary child that scores high on an IQ scale, nationally norm test and other testing instruments does not mean that the child is physically, socially or emotionally ready to become involved in activities that require these developmental traits to succeed. Emotional IQ is just as important as intellectual IQ. If you feel your child has “gifted” tendencies, team with your child’s teachers to determine the best academic curriculum, social and emotional plans to meet your child’s needs.

Elementary Children generally want to please their parents, teachers and other adults in their lives.
Children in this age group often begin to develop empathy toward others.
Elementary children often depend on adults for reassurance and encouragement.
Moods swings are often predictable and easier to handle then middle and high school children.
Parents should:
Monitor the child’s stress level. Children lives should be balanced with family time, learning time, playtime, social-time and downtime (time alone).
Begin to teach the child to accept who they are. It’s okay for children to learn shortcomings as long as they know their positive strengths. Do not praise your child just for the sake of praise. Be specific with your positive words. For example: “I like the way you helped me do the dishes. You should be proud of yourself. I am.”
Self-esteem is just that- SELF-esteem. Parents cannot build a child’s self-esteem. However, parents can put a child in situations where they have a chance to succeed. With each success, children learn that self-esteem is built by their efforts, not by someone else’s efforts. Each individual success builds confidence. Each individual failure provides the child with another opportunity to learn how to succeed.
Elementary children usually lack social skills. They need to be taught and provided time to learn how to interact with peers.
Children in this age group usually have a difficult time sharing. Elementary children will often site their parents and close relative as their best friends.
Social needs for making friends will fluctuate from child to child in this age group. It is normal for children in this age group to want to play alone. Parents must often encourage their child to interact with others.
Parents should:
Provide the child with opportunities to participate in activities outside the family setting. Don’t over do it! Sports, church, clubs, theater and other activities must be balanced and prioritized with school and family and downtime.
Do not force your child to be social when he or she is not ready.
Be a role model. Make friends with the parents and families you want your child to be meet.
Let your child know that it’s important to be polite and friendly. Teach manners!

CTET : Teaching and learning in the language classroom

CTET : Teaching and learning in the language classroom

Teacher Eligibility Test Teaching and learning in the language classroom

Teaching and learning in the language classroom is aimed primarily at language teachers with some experience, and though it could be very useful for teachers to explore on their own, its main use is likely to be as a core textbook on in-service training courses. Throughout, it encourages teachers to reflect on issues in language teaching and learning on the basis of their own experience. Each chapter begins with an “introductory task” which focuses thought on the area to be considered and which in most cases invites teachers to identify aspects of their current ideas and practice on the issue. Similarly, the penultimate section of each chapter is a considerable list of “discussion topics and projects”, many of which are based on examples of teaching materials. These activities are likely to be most profitable when carried out in groups, and the most obvious way in which to exploit them is on a formal training course.
In between these discussion tasks, each chapter produces a highly concentrated but still readable exploration of the issues in the topic under consideration. Though the main subheadings in each chapter take the form of questions, such as “How do second language learners acquire vocabulary?” or “What role can self-access facilities play in language learning?”, these are questions which the author sets out to answer; they are not specifically addressed to the reader. The general pattern of each chapter is to move from more theoretical to practical considerations, and Hedge draws on both research and published teaching materials in exploring central issues in language teaching. The conclusions drawn are often fairly tentative, though; this is not a book which implies that there are clear and straightforward answers to the questions that concern language teachers, or which sets out to provide simplistic classroom “recipes”. After working through the chapters teachers should end up making more informed choices and decisions, but they will still be making the choices–Hedge views teachers as the “decision-makers in managing the classroom process” (1), and it is not her aim to usurp that role by spelling out some fixed set of classroom practices which she believes to be ideal. As she says in the introduction, her book is not “based on the belief that teachers sit at the feet of educationists and applied linguists waiting for ideas to drop, like crumbs, to sustain them”, since “experienced teachers are more robust and independent than that”(2). She recognises that neither theoretical nor classroom research can provide “a base for unshakeable principles of classroom practice”. Her aim is to help provide “a foundation of knowledge against which we can evaluate our own ideas about teaching and learning, to which we can apply for insights in our attempts to solve pedagogical problems, and from which we can draw ideas to experiment with in our own classrooms” . Such an approach should appeal to the experienced teacher

CTET Characteristics of learning

CTET Characteristics of learning

Characteristics of learning
1. All children are naturally motivated to learn and are capable of learning

2. Understanding and developing the capacity for abstract thinking, reflection and work are the most important aspects of learning

3.Children learn in a variety of ways - through experience, making and doing things, experimentation, reading, discussion, asking, listening, thinking , reflecting, and expressing oneself in speech or
writing both individually and with others. They require opportunities of all these kinds in the course of their development

4. Teaching something before the child is cognitively ready takes away real learning. Children may ‘remember’ many facts but they may not understand them or be able to relate them to the world
around them

5.  Learning takes place both within the school and outside school. Learning is enriched if these two arenas interact with each other. Art and work provide opportunities for holistic learning that is rich
in tacit and aesthetic components. Such experiences are essential to be learnt through direct experience and integrated with life

6.  Learning must be paced so that it allows learners to engage with concepts and deepen the understanding rather than remembering only to forget after examinations. At the same time learning must  provide variety and challenge, and be interesting and engaging Boredom is a sign that the task may have become mechanically repetitive for the child and of little cognitive value

7. Learning can take place with or without mediation. In the case of the latter, the social context and interactions, especially with those  who are capable, provide avenues for learners to work at cognitive
levels above their own

CBSE Chemistry Class 10/X : Carbon and its Compounds

CBSE Chemistry Class 10/X :  Carbon and its Compounds

Q.1 Why is carbon tetravalent ?

Ans 1:Carbon atom has 4 electrons in the outermost shell.It needs 4 more electrons to complete its octet. Therefore , carbon is tetravalent . 

Q.2 The formula of a hydrocarbon is Cn H2n. Name the family to which it belongs and also predict its nature. 

Ans 2: The hydrocarbon belongs to alkenes It is unsaturated in nature . 

Q.3 What is the valency of carbon in CH3-CH3, CH2=CH2 and HC=CH ? 

Ans 3: The valency of carbon in all its compounds whether saturated or unsaturated is 4. 

Q.4 Out of butter and ground nut oil , which is unsaturated in Nature? 

Ans 4: Groundnut oil is unsaturated in nature . 

Q.5 Why is high temperature not favourable for alcoholic fermentation? 

Ans 5: The high temperature destroys the enzymes which are needed to carry fermentation . 

Q.6 Name a cyclic unsaturated hydrocarbon, containing three double bonds? 

Ans 6: Benzene 

Q.7 What is the difference in the molecular mass of any two adjacent homologues? 

Ans 7 : 14 mass units. 

Q.8 Which has triple bond ; C2H4 ,C3H6 and C3H4 ? 

Ans 8:C3H4 has triple bond in the formula .

Q.9 Which substance is added to denature ethyl alcohol? 

Ans 9: A small amount of methyl alcohol , pyridine or copper sulphate is added to denature ethyl alcohol . 

Q.10 Which ions are responsible for making water hard ? 

Ans 10: Ca2+ and Mg2+ ions are responsible for making water hard. 

Q.11 Name the catalyst commonly used in hydrogenation of oil to form fats? 

Ans 11:Nickel. 

Q.12 Write the name and molecular formula of alcohol derived from butane ? 

Ans 12: C4H9OH Butanol 

Q.13 Which gas is evolved when sodium carbonate or bicarbonate is added to ethanoic acid ? 

Ans 13 : CO2 (carbon dioxide). 

Q.14 What is SCUM ?

Ans 14: Scum is precipitate of Calcium and Magnesium salt of organic fatty acids. 

Q.15 What are hydrophobic and hydrophilic parts in soaps? 

Ans 15: The alkyl group(R) consisting of long chain of carbon atom is hydrophobic part while COONa group is hydrophilic in nature.

CTET 2012 : Education Meaning Purpose Philosophy

CTET : Education Meaning Purpose Philosophy

What is Education?
Education is a continuing voyage of discovery, an everlasting quest to achieve the fullest wisdom and stature that God meant for us.
The word education comes from the Latin educare, to draw out. In a broad sense it means not only to elicit creative thought and knowledge from the student, but to draw  humankind out of the predicament it is in.

What are the The Purpose of Education?

To restore in man the image of his Maker, to bring him back to the perfection in which he was created, to promote the development of body, mind, and soul, that the divine purpose in his creation might be realized–this was to be the work of redemption. This is the object of education, the great object of life.

Education enables humans to achieve their fullest personal, spiritual, mental, social, and physical potentials. The ability of being educated is what distinguishes humans from  animals. Education transforms an individual and allows her to effect change in her environment.

What is The Meaning of Education?
True education means more than the pursual of a certain course of study. It means more than a preparation for the life that now is. It has to do with the whole being, and with the whole period of existence possible to man. It is the harmonious development of the physical, the mental, and the spiritual powers. It prepares the student for the joy of service in this world and for the higher joy of wider service in the world to come.

CBSE X The Periodic Properties of Atoms Chemistry

CBSE Class X The Periodic Properties of Atoms Chemistry 

PERIODIC PROPERTIESin a period the number of valence electrons and the nuclear charge increases from left to right. It increases the force of attraction between them. In a group the number of filled shells increases and valence electrons are present in higher shells. This decreases the force of attraction between them and the nucleus of the atom. These changes affect various properties of elements and they show gradual variation in a group and in a period and they repeat themselves after a certain interval of atomic number. Such properties are called periodic properties.

Atomic radius

What happens to atomic radii in a group and period and why?

Atomic radius is the distance between the centre of atom and the outermost shell.

In a period, atomic radius generally decreases from left to right.

2nd Period      Li         Be        B          C         N         O         F

                                 155      112      98        91        92       73        72

3rd Period      Na       Mg       Al         Si         P          S          Cl

                                  190      160      143     132      128     127     99

In a period there is a gradual increase in the nuclear charge. Since valence electrons are added in the same shell, they are more and more strongly attracted towards nucleus. This gradually decreases atomic radii.

Atomic radii increase in a group from top to bottom.

Element          Atomic radius                        Element          Atomic radius

Li                     155                              F                     72

Na                   190                              Cl                     99

K                      235                              Br                   114

Rb                   248                              I                       133

As we go down a group the number of shells increases and valence electrons are present in higher shell and the distance of valence electrons from nucleus increases.

Also, the number of filled shells between valence electrons and nucleus increases

Both the factors decrease the force of attraction between nucleus and valence electron. Therefore, atomic size increases on moving down a group.

Ionization energy 

Negatively charged electrons in an atom are attracted by the positively charged nucleus.  For removing an electron this attractive force must be overcome by spending some energy.

The minimum amount of energy required to remove an electron from a gaseous atom in its  ground state to form a gaseous ion is called ionization energy. 

It is measured in unit of kJ mol-1.

 It is a measure of the force of attraction between the nucleus and the outermost  electron. Stronger the force of attraction, greater is the value of ionization energy. It corresponds to the following process:

If only one electron is removed, the ionization energy is known as the first ionization energy.

 If second electron is removed the ionization energy is called the second ionization energy.

Ionization energy decreases in a group from top to bottom

This is because the force of attraction between valence electrons and nucleus decreases in a group from top to bottom.

The ionization energy increases in a period from left to right.

This is because the force of attraction between valence electron and nucleus increases in a period from left to right.

Electron affinity:

The tendency of element to gain  an additional electron. This ability is measured by electron affinity. It is the energy change when an electron is accepted by an atom in the gaseous state.

Electron affinity is assigned a positive value when energy is released during the process. Greater the value of electron affinity, more energy is released during the process and greater is the tendency of the atom to gain electron.

In a group, the electron affinity decreases on moving from top to bottom as less and less amount of energy is released.

In a period, the electron affinity increases from left to right, as more and more amount of energy is released

Electro negativity

Electro negativity is relative tendency of a bonded atom to attract the bond-electrons towards it self. It just compares the tendency of various elements to attract the bond-electrons towards themselves.

Electro negativity decreases in a group from top to bottom.

Electro negativity increases in a period from left to right.

Electro negativity is related to ionization energy. Electrons with low ionization energies have low electronegativity because their nuclei do not exert a strong attractive force on electrons.

Elements with high ionization energies have high electronegativity due to the strong pull exerted on electrons by the nucleus.

Oxides and its nature: Metals react with oxygen to form oxides by loss of electrons. These oxides on dissolution in water form bases.

Reactivity of elements: Down the group reactivity of metals increases as the tendency to lose electrons increases due to increased atomic size.

Reactivity of non- metals decreases down the group because of the increased atomic size and the tendency to gain electrons decreases.

On moving across the period, the reactivity first increases due to the decrease in the metallic character and increase in non metallic character.

Metallic and Non-metallic Properties

The metallic character of an element is expressed in terms of its electron releasing tendency while non-metallic character in term of electron accepting tendency.

In group metallic character of the element increases down the group due to increasing atomic size or because outermost electrons are farther away from the nucleus .So they can be easily lost.

In periods metallic character of the element decreases along a period due to decrease in atomic size along a period or outermost electrons are closer to nucleus. So they can not be easily lost.